Science
... design. Yet controversy exists around the mechanism of sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs). We found that specific hydrophobic motifs found in SIRT1 substrates such as PGC-1a and FOXO3a facilitate SIRT1 activation by STACs. A single amino acid in SIRT1, Glu230, located in a structured N-terminal do ...
... design. Yet controversy exists around the mechanism of sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs). We found that specific hydrophobic motifs found in SIRT1 substrates such as PGC-1a and FOXO3a facilitate SIRT1 activation by STACs. A single amino acid in SIRT1, Glu230, located in a structured N-terminal do ...
Glycerol transport and phosphoenolpyruvate
... Glycerol kinase in these mutants was therefore assumed to possess elevated activity, rendering glycerol uptake and metabolism independent of PTS-mediated activation by phosphorylation. This could indeed be confirmed for the His-232-Arg mutant glycerol kinase of Ent. casseliflavus, which exhibited mu ...
... Glycerol kinase in these mutants was therefore assumed to possess elevated activity, rendering glycerol uptake and metabolism independent of PTS-mediated activation by phosphorylation. This could indeed be confirmed for the His-232-Arg mutant glycerol kinase of Ent. casseliflavus, which exhibited mu ...
Lecture 03, NEW - terpenes + polyketides
... enzyme, passed from one active site to the next Different active sites carry out the ...
... enzyme, passed from one active site to the next Different active sites carry out the ...
Anaerobic glycolysis
... • Enzymes are in cytosol • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactate, and recycles (wastes) NADH -> NAD+ • Key enzymes ...
... • Enzymes are in cytosol • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactate, and recycles (wastes) NADH -> NAD+ • Key enzymes ...
Ch. 22 Glycolysis • Explain how glucose is universal fuel, oxidized in
... • Fructose 1,6-bis-P split to 2 trioses • Glyceraldehyde 3-P (and DHAP isomerized) ...
... • Fructose 1,6-bis-P split to 2 trioses • Glyceraldehyde 3-P (and DHAP isomerized) ...
The shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites: Implications for
... superfamily of sugar phosphate cyclases and catalyzes the cyclisation of its sugar phosphate substrate 3-deoxy-Darabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate to 3-dehydroquinate (23). The complex multistep reaction catalyzed by DHQS is initiated by the oxidation of the primary alcohol group at C-4 to facilitate ...
... superfamily of sugar phosphate cyclases and catalyzes the cyclisation of its sugar phosphate substrate 3-deoxy-Darabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate to 3-dehydroquinate (23). The complex multistep reaction catalyzed by DHQS is initiated by the oxidation of the primary alcohol group at C-4 to facilitate ...
Arginine-induced stimulation of protein synthesis and survival in
... and heat shock protein expression and enhances the susceptibility to apoptosis, and most changes induced by arginine deficiency were restored by subsequent supplementation with arginine or citrulline (22). The essentiality of arginine for cell growth is mainly due to its role as a constituent amino ...
... and heat shock protein expression and enhances the susceptibility to apoptosis, and most changes induced by arginine deficiency were restored by subsequent supplementation with arginine or citrulline (22). The essentiality of arginine for cell growth is mainly due to its role as a constituent amino ...
ETO-Thesis-Final 061214. - JScholarship
... 020) and The Ring Study (IPM 027), both of which aim to test the safety and efficacy of a monthly dapivirine vaginal ring [33, 34]. Multiple phase I and II trials using dapivirine formulated in gels and a phase I trial of a vaginal ring (MTN 013/IPM 026) testing a coformulation of dapivirine with th ...
... 020) and The Ring Study (IPM 027), both of which aim to test the safety and efficacy of a monthly dapivirine vaginal ring [33, 34]. Multiple phase I and II trials using dapivirine formulated in gels and a phase I trial of a vaginal ring (MTN 013/IPM 026) testing a coformulation of dapivirine with th ...
Enzymes Enzymes are characterized by
... varies with the substrate concentration [S] as follows: ...
... varies with the substrate concentration [S] as follows: ...
Platelet isolation and incubation with LDL - HAL
... diamine tetraacetic acid; MDA, malondialdehyde; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TxA2, thromboxane A2; TxB2, thromboxane B2. ...
... diamine tetraacetic acid; MDA, malondialdehyde; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TxA2, thromboxane A2; TxB2, thromboxane B2. ...
The importance of gluconeogenesis as an important
... occurs in the mitochondria, allosterically activated by acetyl CoA. OAA has to be transported from mitochondria to cytosol. (PyruvateOxaloacetate “OAA”) 2- PEPCK: Decarboxylation & phosphorylation reaction, requires energy (GTP), occurs in cytosol, the enzyme’s gene is induced by glucagon & repress ...
... occurs in the mitochondria, allosterically activated by acetyl CoA. OAA has to be transported from mitochondria to cytosol. (PyruvateOxaloacetate “OAA”) 2- PEPCK: Decarboxylation & phosphorylation reaction, requires energy (GTP), occurs in cytosol, the enzyme’s gene is induced by glucagon & repress ...
The role of the C8 proton of ATP in the catalysis of shikimate kinase
... making up the “push” mechanism (Figure 1) [2]. Shown are the protein backbone carbonyl associated with the C6-NH2, the Thr associated with the proton transfer from C8-H to the α-PO4 (SK, Thr17; AK1, Thr23), the Arg associated with C8 protonation (SK, Arg110: AK1; Arg128), the Arg coordinated to the ...
... making up the “push” mechanism (Figure 1) [2]. Shown are the protein backbone carbonyl associated with the C6-NH2, the Thr associated with the proton transfer from C8-H to the α-PO4 (SK, Thr17; AK1, Thr23), the Arg associated with C8 protonation (SK, Arg110: AK1; Arg128), the Arg coordinated to the ...
The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin
... risk [23]. The association between BCAA signature and IR was supported by Fiehn’s study which showed that leucine and valine among >350 metabolites were increased in African-American T2DM women subjects [24]. It was further confirmed in a cross-sectional study of 73 overweight/obese individuals with ...
... risk [23]. The association between BCAA signature and IR was supported by Fiehn’s study which showed that leucine and valine among >350 metabolites were increased in African-American T2DM women subjects [24]. It was further confirmed in a cross-sectional study of 73 overweight/obese individuals with ...
Lecture 24
... Glycogen Phosphorylase A dimer - 2 identical 842 residue subunits. Catalyzes the controlling step of glycogen breakdown. Regulated by allosteric interactions and covalent modification. Two forms of phosphorylase made by regulation Phosphorylase a- has a phosphoryl group on Ser14 in each subunit. Ph ...
... Glycogen Phosphorylase A dimer - 2 identical 842 residue subunits. Catalyzes the controlling step of glycogen breakdown. Regulated by allosteric interactions and covalent modification. Two forms of phosphorylase made by regulation Phosphorylase a- has a phosphoryl group on Ser14 in each subunit. Ph ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... stimulatory effects on protein kinase A Hormones that bind to stimulatory receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, raising cAMP levels Hormones that bind to inhibitory receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity via receptor interaction with the transducer Gi. ...
... stimulatory effects on protein kinase A Hormones that bind to stimulatory receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, raising cAMP levels Hormones that bind to inhibitory receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity via receptor interaction with the transducer Gi. ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... a PHOSPHOPANTETHEINE–2-THIOLETHYLAMINE prosthetic group and functions to carry the growing fatty acid from active site to active site. This domain on the mammalian protein is called ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN which is a misnomer since it is not an independent protein, rather the phosphopantetheine–25 ...
... a PHOSPHOPANTETHEINE–2-THIOLETHYLAMINE prosthetic group and functions to carry the growing fatty acid from active site to active site. This domain on the mammalian protein is called ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN which is a misnomer since it is not an independent protein, rather the phosphopantetheine–25 ...
Peroxisomes: family of versatile organelles
... consumption of lipids. It is part of more complex system for regulation of lipid metabolism. ...
... consumption of lipids. It is part of more complex system for regulation of lipid metabolism. ...
Bypassing the glucose/fatty acid cycle: AMP
... been used in numerous studies to investigate the physiological consequences of AMPK activation. Perfusion of rat hindlimb muscle with AICA riboside led to an increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in glucose uptake [4]. The increased rate of fatty acid oxidation correlated with ...
... been used in numerous studies to investigate the physiological consequences of AMPK activation. Perfusion of rat hindlimb muscle with AICA riboside led to an increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in glucose uptake [4]. The increased rate of fatty acid oxidation correlated with ...
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam
... polar-head-group to the activation process has been documented [3-5]. Negatively charged liposomes can induce a variety of effects, ranging from activation to detachment of soluble ATPase [6, 7]. Influence on the association between the soluble enzyme and the endogenous ATPase inhibitor is believed ...
... polar-head-group to the activation process has been documented [3-5]. Negatively charged liposomes can induce a variety of effects, ranging from activation to detachment of soluble ATPase [6, 7]. Influence on the association between the soluble enzyme and the endogenous ATPase inhibitor is believed ...
Functional characterization of the Mycobacterium
... Eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) are present in many bacterial species, where they control various physiological and virulence processes by enabling microbial adaptation to specific environmental signals. PknJ is the only member of the 11 STPKs identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...
... Eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) are present in many bacterial species, where they control various physiological and virulence processes by enabling microbial adaptation to specific environmental signals. PknJ is the only member of the 11 STPKs identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...
Nucleus-Encoded Genes for Plastid
... Plastids are the organelles of plants and algae that house photosynthesis and many other biochemical pathways. Plastids contain a small genome, but most of their proteins are encoded in the nucleus and posttranslationally targeted to the organelle. When plants and algae lose photosynthesis, they vir ...
... Plastids are the organelles of plants and algae that house photosynthesis and many other biochemical pathways. Plastids contain a small genome, but most of their proteins are encoded in the nucleus and posttranslationally targeted to the organelle. When plants and algae lose photosynthesis, they vir ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Bacterial class A acid
... using nucleophilic catalysis with DMAP.[39,40] Although widely used, these reaction conditions are not always compatible with base-sensitive functional groups present in the substrates and the stability of the chlorophosphate is sometimes limited. Another major drawback to the phosphorochloridates i ...
... using nucleophilic catalysis with DMAP.[39,40] Although widely used, these reaction conditions are not always compatible with base-sensitive functional groups present in the substrates and the stability of the chlorophosphate is sometimes limited. Another major drawback to the phosphorochloridates i ...
Capacitation-associated Changes in Protein
... different groups: modified TALP (Tyrode’s albumin lactate pyruvate) or TALP without one of the medium constituents (Ca2+, HCO3- and BSA). After incubation for the required time (0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 7 h), sperm were removed for further experiment. The capacitation effect was assessed by CT ...
... different groups: modified TALP (Tyrode’s albumin lactate pyruvate) or TALP without one of the medium constituents (Ca2+, HCO3- and BSA). After incubation for the required time (0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h, and 7 h), sperm were removed for further experiment. The capacitation effect was assessed by CT ...
Enzymes
... Competitive inhibition • Competitive inhibitor „competes“ with a substrate S for binding at enzyme´s active site. • It is bound to an active site but not converted by the enzyme. • Vmax value is unchanged. • KM value is elevated (it is necessary to add more S to reach the original enzyme activity) ...
... Competitive inhibition • Competitive inhibitor „competes“ with a substrate S for binding at enzyme´s active site. • It is bound to an active site but not converted by the enzyme. • Vmax value is unchanged. • KM value is elevated (it is necessary to add more S to reach the original enzyme activity) ...
Document
... A two-component system bacteria common / well-characterized key mechanism protein phosphorylation ...
... A two-component system bacteria common / well-characterized key mechanism protein phosphorylation ...