Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine
... cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity.[25] An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm. [27] ...
... cytochrome c and a high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity.[25] An additional level of regulation is introduced by the transport rates of ATP and NADH between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytoplasm. [27] ...
Substrate recognition by nonribosomal peptide
... L-Phe-, L-Glu- and L-Asp-activating domains have been mutated, using this method, to domains activating preferentially L-Leu, L-Gln and L-Asn, respectively, as evaluated by the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay. Because no kinetic parameters could be determined for the activation of the noncognate am ...
... L-Phe-, L-Glu- and L-Asp-activating domains have been mutated, using this method, to domains activating preferentially L-Leu, L-Gln and L-Asn, respectively, as evaluated by the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay. Because no kinetic parameters could be determined for the activation of the noncognate am ...
Dear Notetaker:
... o Occurs predominantly in the liver cells Also present in kidney and maybe intestine cells Kidney is back up plan for gluconeogenesis Enzymes of gluconeogenesis o 3 key enzymes from glycolysis that need to be bypassed in gluconeogenesis Need to be reversed because they use ATP Reversed with ...
... o Occurs predominantly in the liver cells Also present in kidney and maybe intestine cells Kidney is back up plan for gluconeogenesis Enzymes of gluconeogenesis o 3 key enzymes from glycolysis that need to be bypassed in gluconeogenesis Need to be reversed because they use ATP Reversed with ...
Nitrate reductase activity in chicory roots
... mechanism as shown by increased sensitivity to magnesium of in vitro NRA. Okadaic acid, a serinethreonine protein phosphatases inhibitor, enhanced the decrease of NRA. Conversely, staurosporine, a serine-threonine protein kinases inhibitor, antagonized the inhibition of NRA. This suggests that excis ...
... mechanism as shown by increased sensitivity to magnesium of in vitro NRA. Okadaic acid, a serinethreonine protein phosphatases inhibitor, enhanced the decrease of NRA. Conversely, staurosporine, a serine-threonine protein kinases inhibitor, antagonized the inhibition of NRA. This suggests that excis ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... as structural elements in living cells. This chapter looks at the role of carbohydrates in energy production. Because the monosaccharide glucose is a prominent energy source in almost all living cells, major emphasis is placed on its synthesis, degradation, and storage. iving cells are in a state of ...
... as structural elements in living cells. This chapter looks at the role of carbohydrates in energy production. Because the monosaccharide glucose is a prominent energy source in almost all living cells, major emphasis is placed on its synthesis, degradation, and storage. iving cells are in a state of ...
Document
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... These three variables are not strictly independent, since the value of each usually affects the chemical possibilities that allow diversity of the others. Here, the chemical analysis of this problem is presented, showing that a number of different chemical solutions can exist. Then, the best solutio ...
... These three variables are not strictly independent, since the value of each usually affects the chemical possibilities that allow diversity of the others. Here, the chemical analysis of this problem is presented, showing that a number of different chemical solutions can exist. Then, the best solutio ...
mineralization of chlorobenzene. of the meta
... been described. These organisms can be differentiated on the basis of the catabolic pathways dealing with the substituents. Chlorosubstituents can be removed by initial oxygenolytic, reductive, or hydrolytic reactions. Further mineralization can then occur via classical pathways such as the 3-oxoadi ...
... been described. These organisms can be differentiated on the basis of the catabolic pathways dealing with the substituents. Chlorosubstituents can be removed by initial oxygenolytic, reductive, or hydrolytic reactions. Further mineralization can then occur via classical pathways such as the 3-oxoadi ...
Microbial degradation of chloroaromatics Mars, Astrid E.
... Pseudomonas putida GJ31 is able to simultaneously grow on toluene and chlorobenzene. When cultures of this strain were inhibited with 3-fluorocatechol while growing on toluene or chlorobenzene, 3-methylcatechol or 3-chlorocatechol, respectively, accumulated in the medium. To establish the catabolic ...
... Pseudomonas putida GJ31 is able to simultaneously grow on toluene and chlorobenzene. When cultures of this strain were inhibited with 3-fluorocatechol while growing on toluene or chlorobenzene, 3-methylcatechol or 3-chlorocatechol, respectively, accumulated in the medium. To establish the catabolic ...
Document
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
Glycerol Kinase Activities in Muscles from Vertebrates and
... L-3-glycerophosphate, triose phosphates and fructose diphosphate were measured enzymically. The results are shown in Table 1; there is very close agreement between the glycerol kinase activity as measured by the formation of the intermediates and the activity as measured radiochemically. Moreover, m ...
... L-3-glycerophosphate, triose phosphates and fructose diphosphate were measured enzymically. The results are shown in Table 1; there is very close agreement between the glycerol kinase activity as measured by the formation of the intermediates and the activity as measured radiochemically. Moreover, m ...
Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver
... (17 kDa) is identical with calmodulin and confers on phosphorylase kinase activation by Ca#+. Unlike most calmodulinregulated enzymes, phosphorylase kinase retains its δ-subunit, even in the absence of Ca#+. The catalytic centre resides on the γ-subunit (45 kDa), which contains a kinase domain and a ...
... (17 kDa) is identical with calmodulin and confers on phosphorylase kinase activation by Ca#+. Unlike most calmodulinregulated enzymes, phosphorylase kinase retains its δ-subunit, even in the absence of Ca#+. The catalytic centre resides on the γ-subunit (45 kDa), which contains a kinase domain and a ...
5 Molecular basis of type-2 diabetes
... hepatic glucose output. Resistance to the antilipolytic action of insulin also favors triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue and the generation of free fatty acids, which interfere with insulin receptor signals. Changes in serum adipokine concentrations are also part of the insulin resistant state ...
... hepatic glucose output. Resistance to the antilipolytic action of insulin also favors triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue and the generation of free fatty acids, which interfere with insulin receptor signals. Changes in serum adipokine concentrations are also part of the insulin resistant state ...
212_spring_2005_Platelets
... which down regulate the signalling pathways that support platelet activation ...
... which down regulate the signalling pathways that support platelet activation ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
... calvin cycle In the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, which was discovered about 50 years ago, CO2 reacts with the five-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to yield two carboxylic acids, 3-phosphoglycerate, from which the sugar is regenerated103. This cycle operates in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, so ...
... calvin cycle In the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, which was discovered about 50 years ago, CO2 reacts with the five-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to yield two carboxylic acids, 3-phosphoglycerate, from which the sugar is regenerated103. This cycle operates in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, so ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
... calvin cycle In the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, which was discovered about 50 years ago, CO2 reacts with the five-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to yield two carboxylic acids, 3-phosphoglycerate, from which the sugar is regenerated103. This cycle operates in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, so ...
... calvin cycle In the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, which was discovered about 50 years ago, CO2 reacts with the five-carbon sugar ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to yield two carboxylic acids, 3-phosphoglycerate, from which the sugar is regenerated103. This cycle operates in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, so ...
The Structure of the PanD/PanZ Protein Complex
... and is derived from pantothenate 2 (Figure 1A). Pantothenate 2 is an essential nutrient for humans and is synthesized via a common pathway in plants, yeast, and bacteria (Webb et al., 2004). The majority of vitamin and amino acid biosynthetic pathways in bacteria are highly regulated either by metab ...
... and is derived from pantothenate 2 (Figure 1A). Pantothenate 2 is an essential nutrient for humans and is synthesized via a common pathway in plants, yeast, and bacteria (Webb et al., 2004). The majority of vitamin and amino acid biosynthetic pathways in bacteria are highly regulated either by metab ...
AMP-activated protein kinase and metabolic control - HAL
... central region that allows AMPK complex to bind glycogen. The subunit contains four tandem repeats known as cystathionine -synthase (CBS) motifs that bind together two molecules of AMP or ATP in a mutually exclusive manner. Binding of AMP (on subunit) activates AMPK via a complex mechanism invo ...
... central region that allows AMPK complex to bind glycogen. The subunit contains four tandem repeats known as cystathionine -synthase (CBS) motifs that bind together two molecules of AMP or ATP in a mutually exclusive manner. Binding of AMP (on subunit) activates AMPK via a complex mechanism invo ...
The tyrosine regulated DAHP synthase and the biosynthetic
... structures of the phenylalanine regulated DAHP synthase of Escherichia coli and of the tyrosine inhibitable isoenzyme of S. cerevisiae are available. With the help of amino acid substitutions at the catalytic center (Lys112Ala, Arg114Ala and Arg180Ala), the amino acid residues located in the loops L ...
... structures of the phenylalanine regulated DAHP synthase of Escherichia coli and of the tyrosine inhibitable isoenzyme of S. cerevisiae are available. With the help of amino acid substitutions at the catalytic center (Lys112Ala, Arg114Ala and Arg180Ala), the amino acid residues located in the loops L ...
In Silico Prediction of the Peroxisomal Proteome in Fungi, Plants
... method to scan the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs for potential peroxisomal proteins. Including both PTS1 and PTS2 motifs in their search, they found 18 new potential peroxisomal proteins. GFP fusions allowed them to confirm that about half of these proteins were truly located in the peroxisome. Anot ...
... method to scan the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs for potential peroxisomal proteins. Including both PTS1 and PTS2 motifs in their search, they found 18 new potential peroxisomal proteins. GFP fusions allowed them to confirm that about half of these proteins were truly located in the peroxisome. Anot ...
PDF
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
PDF
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
... Thiomicrospira crunogena (Dobrinski et al., 2005) and Thiobacillus neopolitanus (Holthuijzen et al., 1986), contain carboxysomes and appear to employ a carbon concentrating mechanism, so that these adaptations are not exclusively by phototrophic organisms. No such mechanisms have been identified in a ...
Yeast lipid metabolism at a glance
... Tamura et al., 2012). Therefore, a lipid transport system must exist to translocate lipids from their site of synthesis to their final destination (Achleitner et al., 1999; Schnabl et al., 2005; Peretti et al., 2008). Due to the very well-conserved mechanisms between all eukaryotes and due to other ...
... Tamura et al., 2012). Therefore, a lipid transport system must exist to translocate lipids from their site of synthesis to their final destination (Achleitner et al., 1999; Schnabl et al., 2005; Peretti et al., 2008). Due to the very well-conserved mechanisms between all eukaryotes and due to other ...
PKC regulates the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes through
... differential target specificities in vivo (Mochly-Rosen, 1995). A number of reports have associated PKC activation with either cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic injury, or agonist stimulation. For example, hemodynamic pressure overload stimulation in rodents can promote efficient transloc ...
... differential target specificities in vivo (Mochly-Rosen, 1995). A number of reports have associated PKC activation with either cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic injury, or agonist stimulation. For example, hemodynamic pressure overload stimulation in rodents can promote efficient transloc ...
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, the target for nitrogen
... in mammalian cells, and it has been concluded that the enzymes are cytosolic [10]. Hence, at present, the intracellular location of the mammalian mevalonate pathway enzymes remains unclear. The pathway has also been investigated in plants and it appears that some, but not all, of the enzymes are per ...
... in mammalian cells, and it has been concluded that the enzymes are cytosolic [10]. Hence, at present, the intracellular location of the mammalian mevalonate pathway enzymes remains unclear. The pathway has also been investigated in plants and it appears that some, but not all, of the enzymes are per ...