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Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders

... symptoms may or may not be associated with another medical condition. DSM-5 narrative text description that accompanies the criteria for SSD cautions that it is not appropriate to diagnose individuals with a mental disorder solely because a medical cause cannot be demonstrated. Furthermore, whether ...
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... disorder may be sad, extremely tired, unmotivated, suicidal, have no interest in typical pleasurable activities, feel worthless or guilty, and be unable to sleep or eat. Some people with depression also experience mania, and the combination of the two is known as bipolar disorder. When a person expe ...
MOOD DISORDERS THEME A (final copy) (prof. alhamad).
MOOD DISORDERS THEME A (final copy) (prof. alhamad).

... Huda is a 25 yr-old single female teacher. She had an episode –of at least 2 weeks duration- low mood associated with loss of interest, isolation, crying spells, excessive guilt feelings, death wishes, suicidal ideation and reduction in libido. Her mother has history of bipolar disorder and one of h ...
mood disorders 2013 Dr V Primeau
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... Examine for slowness of thought, speech, motor activity or signs of agitation such as fidgeting, moving about, hand-wringing, nail biting, hair pulling, lip biting; examine vital signs, pupils, and skin for previous suicide attempts, stigmata of drug and/or alcohol use, thyroid gland, weight loss. E ...
Anxiety and Mood Disorders - Hobart and William Smith
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Bipolar Disorder

... Antipsychotics - examples include aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone. Antipsychotic medications may be prescribed if behavior is very disturbed and symptoms are severe. Initially, patients will start off on a low dose to minimize the risk of undesirable side effects, including wei ...
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder

... changes in the nature and content of one’s thoughts, emotions and behaviors. For example, when someone is experiencing an elevation in his mood, his perceptions could become distorted enabling him to believe that he has above average and exceptional capabilities “I’m invincible, I can do anything”. ...
clinical perspectives on psychological disorders.
clinical perspectives on psychological disorders.

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Notes_14 abnormal - Biloxi Public Schools
Notes_14 abnormal - Biloxi Public Schools

... book causes as many problems as it solves: people feel compelled to live up to expectations that accompany disease -used to classify behaviors across 5 dimensions or axis Axis I: major disorders, schizophrenia, delirium and dementia, states of perceptual and cognitive disruption; eating and sleeping ...
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Editorial 3

... understanding and treatment of depressive illness. In some cases a condition where mood is presently low but does not fulfill criteria for depression is known as ‘dysthymia’. Depression may come as an ‘emotional experience’, as a ‘symptom of other diseases’ and as a separate entity ‘syndrome’ (Depre ...
outline27982 - American Academy of Optometry
outline27982 - American Academy of Optometry

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Bipolar disorder



Bipolar disorder, also known as bipolar affective disorder and manic-depressive illness, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression. The elevated mood is significant and is known as mania or hypomania depending on the severity or whether there is psychosis. During mania an individual feels or acts abnormally happy, energetic, or irritable. They often make poorly thought out decisions with little regard to the consequences. The need for sleep is usually reduced. During periods of depression there may be crying, poor eye contact with others, and a negative outlook on life. The risk of suicide among those with the disorder is high at greater than 6% over 20 years, while self harm occurs in 30–40%. Other mental health issues such as anxiety disorder and substance use disorder are commonly associated.The cause is not clearly understood, but both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Many genes of small effect contribute to risk. Environmental factors include long term stress and a history of childhood abuse. It is divided into bipolar I disorder if there is at least one manic episode and bipolar II disorder if there are at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode. In those with less severe symptoms of a prolonged duration the condition cyclothymic disorder may be present. If due to drugs or medical problems it is classified separately. Other conditions that may present in a similar manner include substance use disorder, personality disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia as well as a number of medical conditions.Treatment commonly includes psychotherapy and medications such as mood stabilizers or antipsychotics. Examples of mood stabilizers that are commonly used include lithium and anticonvulsants. Treatment in hospital against a person's wishes may be required at times as people may be a risk to themselves or others yet refuse treatment. Severe behavioural problems may be managed with short term benzodiazepines or antipsychotics. In periods of mania it is recommended that antidepressants be stopped. If antidepressants are used for periods of depression they should be used with a mood stabilizer. Electroconvulsive therapy may be helpful in those who do not respond to other treatments. If treatments are stopped it is recommended that this be done slowly. Many people have social, financial, or work-related problems due to the disorder. These difficulties occur a quarter to a third of the time on average. The risk of death from natural causes such as heart disease is twice that of the general population. This is due to poor lifestyle choices and the side effects from medications.About 3% of people in the United States have bipolar disorder at some point in their life. Lower rates of around 1% are found in other countries. The most common age at which symptoms begin is 25. Rates appear to be similar in males as females. The economic costs of the disorder has been estimated at $45 billion for the United States in 1991. A large proportion of this was related to a higher number of missed work days, estimated at 50 per year. People with bipolar disorder often face problems with social stigma.
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