Enduring understanding 1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a
... and the phenotype determines the fitness of the phenotype; thus, the environment does not direct the changes in DNA, but acts upon phenotypes that occur through random changes in DNA. These changes can involve alterations in DNA sequences, changes in gene combinations and/or the formation of new gen ...
... and the phenotype determines the fitness of the phenotype; thus, the environment does not direct the changes in DNA, but acts upon phenotypes that occur through random changes in DNA. These changes can involve alterations in DNA sequences, changes in gene combinations and/or the formation of new gen ...
Document
... B only. Group O and HIV-2 are naturally resistant to NNRTs. Group M shows variation in drug susceptibilities. •Transmission and rates of disease progression differ between HIV-1 and HIV-2. ...
... B only. Group O and HIV-2 are naturally resistant to NNRTs. Group M shows variation in drug susceptibilities. •Transmission and rates of disease progression differ between HIV-1 and HIV-2. ...
Fast Facts About Pathogens
... are different from those of bacteria. While bacteria can multiply almost anywhere, given the right conditions, a virus must get inside other living cells in order to do so. ...
... are different from those of bacteria. While bacteria can multiply almost anywhere, given the right conditions, a virus must get inside other living cells in order to do so. ...
Genetic Drift
... Selection of new beneficial traits according to selective pressures at the time Natural selection produces adaptation of an organism ...
... Selection of new beneficial traits according to selective pressures at the time Natural selection produces adaptation of an organism ...
Shaping Evolutionary Theory – Chapter 15, Section 3
... Background information: A cladogram, also known as a phylogenetic tree, is a diagram which depicts evolutionary relationships between organisms. In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely on their physical characteristics. Today, with the advances in genetics and biochemistry, biolog ...
... Background information: A cladogram, also known as a phylogenetic tree, is a diagram which depicts evolutionary relationships between organisms. In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely on their physical characteristics. Today, with the advances in genetics and biochemistry, biolog ...
how hiv infects cells
... In general, viruses have very small genomes. This means they can encode a very limited number of their own proteins. For this reason, most viruses must use the proteins provided by their host in order to reproduce (make more viruses). In a way, viruses act like parasites. They bring very little with ...
... In general, viruses have very small genomes. This means they can encode a very limited number of their own proteins. For this reason, most viruses must use the proteins provided by their host in order to reproduce (make more viruses). In a way, viruses act like parasites. They bring very little with ...
![(Macroparasites and microparasites)edited [Recovered]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000701227_1-e77fabc78bd26bd6dffe57ed2eb3168d-300x300.png)
(Macroparasites and microparasites)edited [Recovered]
... • Parasites that live on the outside of the host, either on the skin or the outgrowths of the skin, are called ectoparasites. • (Your gut is actually, developmentally speaking, the outside of your body so the parasites that inhabit the gut can also be considered ectoparasites). ...
... • Parasites that live on the outside of the host, either on the skin or the outgrowths of the skin, are called ectoparasites. • (Your gut is actually, developmentally speaking, the outside of your body so the parasites that inhabit the gut can also be considered ectoparasites). ...
HIV Infection Worksheet
... enzyme that is unique to viruses. Color the reverse transcriptase yellow. Because the HIV virus uses the reverse transcriptase and RNA method, it is known as a retrovirus. The Flu is another example of a retrovirus. Because it is single stranded genetic material, it develops mutations more frequentl ...
... enzyme that is unique to viruses. Color the reverse transcriptase yellow. Because the HIV virus uses the reverse transcriptase and RNA method, it is known as a retrovirus. The Flu is another example of a retrovirus. Because it is single stranded genetic material, it develops mutations more frequentl ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Epidemiology and Prevention of
... A virus usually has only a single type of nucleic acid serving as its genetic material. This can be single or double stranded DNA or RNA; ii Viruses contain no enzymes of energy metabolism, thus cannot make ATP; iii Viruses do not encode sufficient enzymatic machinery to synthesize their component m ...
... A virus usually has only a single type of nucleic acid serving as its genetic material. This can be single or double stranded DNA or RNA; ii Viruses contain no enzymes of energy metabolism, thus cannot make ATP; iii Viruses do not encode sufficient enzymatic machinery to synthesize their component m ...
What Microbiology is all about
... 1952, it was made from killed virus The Sabin vaccine made with live attenuated virus was discovered in 1958 and supplanted the killed virus Salk Vaccine. Today polio is almost unknown, even in 3rd world countries. ...
... 1952, it was made from killed virus The Sabin vaccine made with live attenuated virus was discovered in 1958 and supplanted the killed virus Salk Vaccine. Today polio is almost unknown, even in 3rd world countries. ...
Name date period
... DNA into the host cell & leave their protein coat outside the cell; other viruses still have their coats on when they enter the host cell. Once the virus is inside the host cell, the viral DNA takes over the host cell’s genetic machinery causing the host cell to make copies of new viral DNA and prot ...
... DNA into the host cell & leave their protein coat outside the cell; other viruses still have their coats on when they enter the host cell. Once the virus is inside the host cell, the viral DNA takes over the host cell’s genetic machinery causing the host cell to make copies of new viral DNA and prot ...
Viruses-and-Cancer
... Viruses contribute to development of some cancers. Typically, the virus can cause genetic changes in cells that make them more likely to become transformed. These cancers and viruses are linked ...
... Viruses contribute to development of some cancers. Typically, the virus can cause genetic changes in cells that make them more likely to become transformed. These cancers and viruses are linked ...
Diapositiva 1
... Divergence dates of genes and species can also be estimated from phylogenetic distances (Rambaut and Bromham 1998; Yoder and Yang 2000). These estimates are based on the concept of a molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962) ...
... Divergence dates of genes and species can also be estimated from phylogenetic distances (Rambaut and Bromham 1998; Yoder and Yang 2000). These estimates are based on the concept of a molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962) ...
HOW HIV INFECTS CELLS
... In general, viruses have very small genomes, which means they can encode a very limited number of their own proteins. For this reason, most viruses must use the proteins provided by their host in order to reproduce (make more viruses). In a way, viruses are parasitic, they bring very little with the ...
... In general, viruses have very small genomes, which means they can encode a very limited number of their own proteins. For this reason, most viruses must use the proteins provided by their host in order to reproduce (make more viruses). In a way, viruses are parasitic, they bring very little with the ...
Genetic Variation is the Key to Natural Selection
... • Mutations are usually harmless or bad. • Sometimes they can be good. • Recombination (like crossing over) also plays a large role in genetic variation. ...
... • Mutations are usually harmless or bad. • Sometimes they can be good. • Recombination (like crossing over) also plays a large role in genetic variation. ...
Influenza and its prevention Influenza and its prevention
... vaccine if included in the groups above). 5. Homeless people and those persons providing care to this group. 6. People working with poultry and pigs. ...
... vaccine if included in the groups above). 5. Homeless people and those persons providing care to this group. 6. People working with poultry and pigs. ...
File
... The first two steps are the same. After the virus injects its information into the host cell, the viral DNA becomes part of the host DNA. Every time the host cell goes through cell division, the viral DNA is replicated and is inside each new daughter cell. Eventually, the virus goes back into the ly ...
... The first two steps are the same. After the virus injects its information into the host cell, the viral DNA becomes part of the host DNA. Every time the host cell goes through cell division, the viral DNA is replicated and is inside each new daughter cell. Eventually, the virus goes back into the ly ...
20.1 Viruses
... 20. Pathogens are able to evolve over time. 21. A(n) noninfectious disease is an unknown disease that appears in a population for the first time. 22. The widespread use of vaccines has led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. 23. Slight genetic changes would be needed for the bird flu ...
... 20. Pathogens are able to evolve over time. 21. A(n) noninfectious disease is an unknown disease that appears in a population for the first time. 22. The widespread use of vaccines has led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. 23. Slight genetic changes would be needed for the bird flu ...
Causes of Microevolution - Effingham County Schools
... 3. Not all evolution is adaptive – not all alleles fixed by genetic drift in the gene pool of the small founding population are better suited to the environment than alleles that are lost. 4. Selection can only edit existing variations – Natural selection favors only the fittest variations from the ...
... 3. Not all evolution is adaptive – not all alleles fixed by genetic drift in the gene pool of the small founding population are better suited to the environment than alleles that are lost. 4. Selection can only edit existing variations – Natural selection favors only the fittest variations from the ...
how hiv infects cells - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... DNA - reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that is unique to viruses. Color the reverse transcriptase yellow. Because the HIV virus uses the reverse transcriptase and RNA method, it is known as a retrovirus. The Flu is another example of a retrovirus. Because it is single stranded genetic material, it d ...
... DNA - reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that is unique to viruses. Color the reverse transcriptase yellow. Because the HIV virus uses the reverse transcriptase and RNA method, it is known as a retrovirus. The Flu is another example of a retrovirus. Because it is single stranded genetic material, it d ...
Chpt 17 Viruses and Monerans - Virus a non
... Virus – a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. Viruses are so small, they cannot be seen by a light microscope o As a result, the first discovery of a virus did not occur until 1935 (after the electron microscope was invented) We now know that t ...
... Virus – a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. Viruses are so small, they cannot be seen by a light microscope o As a result, the first discovery of a virus did not occur until 1935 (after the electron microscope was invented) We now know that t ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.