Viruses
... populations of bacteria are killed by antibiotics. As a result, resistant bacteria thrive. ...
... populations of bacteria are killed by antibiotics. As a result, resistant bacteria thrive. ...
Lytic Cycle
... • A certain type of virus that contains RNA instead of DNA. Once in the host, it transcribes its RNA into DNA using an enzyme called reverse transriptase. It then inserts the new DNA into the host’s DNA. Virus uses the cell to make itself. ...
... • A certain type of virus that contains RNA instead of DNA. Once in the host, it transcribes its RNA into DNA using an enzyme called reverse transriptase. It then inserts the new DNA into the host’s DNA. Virus uses the cell to make itself. ...
2
... mutations. The patient’s condition improved clinically; she was extubated after 2 days and ECMO was discontinued on December 6. Subsequently, it was revealed that the patient had a history of buying, slaughtering and eating a chicken in Shenzhen, China, on November 17. Here, we document, for the fir ...
... mutations. The patient’s condition improved clinically; she was extubated after 2 days and ECMO was discontinued on December 6. Subsequently, it was revealed that the patient had a history of buying, slaughtering and eating a chicken in Shenzhen, China, on November 17. Here, we document, for the fir ...
STROKE PPG VIRAL/GENE TRANSFER CORE: Request for a new
... are requesting viral vectors for in vivo use, you must have approval from the Animal Studies Committee and the Washington University Institutional Biosafety Committee. If the specific construct you are requesting is not covered in your protocol, please add it to the protocol or discuss with EH&S Bio ...
... are requesting viral vectors for in vivo use, you must have approval from the Animal Studies Committee and the Washington University Institutional Biosafety Committee. If the specific construct you are requesting is not covered in your protocol, please add it to the protocol or discuss with EH&S Bio ...
Lecture Outline - Biology Junction
... 7. With the invention of the electron microscope, these infectious agents could be seen for the first time. B. Viral Structure 1. A virus is similar in size to a large protein, generally smaller than 200 nm in diameter. 2. Many viruses can be purified and crystallized, and the crystals stored for lo ...
... 7. With the invention of the electron microscope, these infectious agents could be seen for the first time. B. Viral Structure 1. A virus is similar in size to a large protein, generally smaller than 200 nm in diameter. 2. Many viruses can be purified and crystallized, and the crystals stored for lo ...
Viruses Nonliving Structure Reproduction
... The viral DNA incorporated within the host DNA is called a provirus. RNA produced by transcription can serve as mRNA for the production of viral proteins or it can become viral genome. New viruses escape the host cell by budding. Retroviruses and Cancer When new viral particles are eventually built ...
... The viral DNA incorporated within the host DNA is called a provirus. RNA produced by transcription can serve as mRNA for the production of viral proteins or it can become viral genome. New viruses escape the host cell by budding. Retroviruses and Cancer When new viral particles are eventually built ...
Chapter 14: Viruses, Prions, and Viroids
... 8. What is a benefit of infection with a lysogenic phage? What change may occur with the bacterial cell? 9. Understand how filamentous phage (M13 and fd) replicate in host cells. What is unique to replication of a ssDNA molecule? 10. What are three mechanisms that reduce infection by phage? 11. Unde ...
... 8. What is a benefit of infection with a lysogenic phage? What change may occur with the bacterial cell? 9. Understand how filamentous phage (M13 and fd) replicate in host cells. What is unique to replication of a ssDNA molecule? 10. What are three mechanisms that reduce infection by phage? 11. Unde ...
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
... syndrome (SARS), Ebola, hemorrhagic fever, and avian influenza Several types of events can cause emergence of viruses • A virus may extend its range. ...
... syndrome (SARS), Ebola, hemorrhagic fever, and avian influenza Several types of events can cause emergence of viruses • A virus may extend its range. ...
Virus
... evolved after the first cells appeared. • Most molecular biologists favor the hypothesis that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleic acids that could move from one cell to another. – A viral genome usually has more in common with the genome of its host than with those of viruses infec ...
... evolved after the first cells appeared. • Most molecular biologists favor the hypothesis that viruses originated from fragments of cellular nucleic acids that could move from one cell to another. – A viral genome usually has more in common with the genome of its host than with those of viruses infec ...
Lecture 4_VIRAL PATHOGENESIS AND HOST IMMUNE
... mucosal surfaces possess sophisticated immune defence mechanisms, as well as non-specific inhibitory mechanisms (cilliated epithelium, mucus secretion, lower temperature) which viruses must overcome. Gastrointestinal tract - a hostile environment; gastric acid, bile salts, etc. Viruses that spread ...
... mucosal surfaces possess sophisticated immune defence mechanisms, as well as non-specific inhibitory mechanisms (cilliated epithelium, mucus secretion, lower temperature) which viruses must overcome. Gastrointestinal tract - a hostile environment; gastric acid, bile salts, etc. Viruses that spread ...
Chapter 21 Viruses
... Living things vs Viruses Both contain protein, genetic material, and they can reproduce. Viruses cannot eat, grow, break-down food, or use oxygen. They must depend on their HOST Cell ...
... Living things vs Viruses Both contain protein, genetic material, and they can reproduce. Viruses cannot eat, grow, break-down food, or use oxygen. They must depend on their HOST Cell ...
(LAV) 1983: Abraham Karpas
... * HIV inhibitory factor ( high m.wt. mucins) * Salivary leukocytes protease inhibitor which block cell surface receptor * Loss of viral infectivity when virus exposed to mixed saliva for 30 min * Animal study showed impossibility to transmit HIV by sutface application on oral mucosa * High dose of H ...
... * HIV inhibitory factor ( high m.wt. mucins) * Salivary leukocytes protease inhibitor which block cell surface receptor * Loss of viral infectivity when virus exposed to mixed saliva for 30 min * Animal study showed impossibility to transmit HIV by sutface application on oral mucosa * High dose of H ...
THEME 1: EVOLUTION OF CHEMOTAXIS
... identified as a result of evolutionary selection. The method permits the precise integration of defined mutations into an ancestral genetic background to quantitatively assess the phenotypic effects of the mutation. Techniques include PCR, gel electrophoresis, genetic transformation and the interpre ...
... identified as a result of evolutionary selection. The method permits the precise integration of defined mutations into an ancestral genetic background to quantitatively assess the phenotypic effects of the mutation. Techniques include PCR, gel electrophoresis, genetic transformation and the interpre ...
Pandemic H1N1 `Swine flu`
... they can infect and genetically adapt to replicate well in other animal hosts. Additionally, different viral strains can infect a single host and exchange that adapted genetic material, a process made easier as the genome is separated into eight segments, allowing mixing (reassortment) to occur and ...
... they can infect and genetically adapt to replicate well in other animal hosts. Additionally, different viral strains can infect a single host and exchange that adapted genetic material, a process made easier as the genome is separated into eight segments, allowing mixing (reassortment) to occur and ...
Lytic and Lysogenic Pathways • Once inside its host cell, a virus can
... of the latent period and the eclipse period • Inside the host, the viral DNA/RNA replicates itself • Using resources from the cell, new full-fledged viruses form o The formation of the first full virus ends the eclipse period • Ultimately, the bacterium will become over-packed with bacteriophages o ...
... of the latent period and the eclipse period • Inside the host, the viral DNA/RNA replicates itself • Using resources from the cell, new full-fledged viruses form o The formation of the first full virus ends the eclipse period • Ultimately, the bacterium will become over-packed with bacteriophages o ...
Life Under a Microscope: Viruses Questions
... have a living cell to do its work. A virus attaches to a cell. It finds a way to get its genetic material into the cell. The virus's genetic material lets the virus take control of the cell. It turns the cell into a virus factory. The cell stops doing its normal work and begins making copies of the ...
... have a living cell to do its work. A virus attaches to a cell. It finds a way to get its genetic material into the cell. The virus's genetic material lets the virus take control of the cell. It turns the cell into a virus factory. The cell stops doing its normal work and begins making copies of the ...
禽類流行性感冒﹙ Avian Influenza﹔Bird Flu ﹚
... transmission of H5N1 in Hong Kong; caused illness in 18 people, of who 6 died. (Mortality is 30%). The outbreak was halted in Hong Kong by slaughter of the chickens. 2. But so far, H5N1 viruses have not been capable of efficient human-to-human transmission. ...
... transmission of H5N1 in Hong Kong; caused illness in 18 people, of who 6 died. (Mortality is 30%). The outbreak was halted in Hong Kong by slaughter of the chickens. 2. But so far, H5N1 viruses have not been capable of efficient human-to-human transmission. ...
Viruses Scavenger Hunt Guiding Worksheet
... Article from: http://www.scq.ubc.ca/restriction-endonucleases-molecular-scissors-forspecifically-cutting-dna/ a) What are restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) and what do they do? ...
... Article from: http://www.scq.ubc.ca/restriction-endonucleases-molecular-scissors-forspecifically-cutting-dna/ a) What are restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) and what do they do? ...
Viruses: Bacterial and Animal
... • dsDNA viruses are most common to cause viral-induced tumors • Cancer is result of integration of viral genes into the host chromosome • Transforming genes are called oncogenes • Examples: papillomavirus, herpesvirus ...
... • dsDNA viruses are most common to cause viral-induced tumors • Cancer is result of integration of viral genes into the host chromosome • Transforming genes are called oncogenes • Examples: papillomavirus, herpesvirus ...
Notes Unit 5 Part 2
... If the ____________________ changes, then nature will select new individuals and the ___________ frequency for a given population will change i.e. b. Genetic Drift = evolution that occurs because of random changes in ____________ frequencies that occur in __________ populations In small populati ...
... If the ____________________ changes, then nature will select new individuals and the ___________ frequency for a given population will change i.e. b. Genetic Drift = evolution that occurs because of random changes in ____________ frequencies that occur in __________ populations In small populati ...
Lytic cycle
... Flu viruses can also undergo genetic recombination when 2 subtypes infect a cell -This creates novel combinations of spikes unrecognizable by human antibodies -Antigenic shifts have caused pandemics -Spanish flu of 1918, A(H1N1) -Asian flu of 1957, A(H2N2) -Hong Kong flu of 1968, A(H3N2) ...
... Flu viruses can also undergo genetic recombination when 2 subtypes infect a cell -This creates novel combinations of spikes unrecognizable by human antibodies -Antigenic shifts have caused pandemics -Spanish flu of 1918, A(H1N1) -Asian flu of 1957, A(H2N2) -Hong Kong flu of 1968, A(H3N2) ...
Rabies
... a few individuals of high risk groups seem to be completely resistant to HIV once inside body it hides in body’s own immune cells to avoid detection and immune response can spread directly from cell to cell without entering the blood where it would be more easily detected Diagnosis generally test fo ...
... a few individuals of high risk groups seem to be completely resistant to HIV once inside body it hides in body’s own immune cells to avoid detection and immune response can spread directly from cell to cell without entering the blood where it would be more easily detected Diagnosis generally test fo ...
No Slide Title
... start a new population that is isolated from other populations – founder effect 2. We can also experience a population bottleneck where a formerly large population is drastically reduced in size ...
... start a new population that is isolated from other populations – founder effect 2. We can also experience a population bottleneck where a formerly large population is drastically reduced in size ...
File - Ms. Poole`s Biology
... domains based the rRNA differences prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The prokaryotes were divided into two groups Archaea and Bacteria. • Organisms are grouped from species to domain, the groupings are increasingly more inclusive. • The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are domain, kingdom, phylum, cl ...
... domains based the rRNA differences prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The prokaryotes were divided into two groups Archaea and Bacteria. • Organisms are grouped from species to domain, the groupings are increasingly more inclusive. • The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are domain, kingdom, phylum, cl ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.