The Evolutionary Genetics of Emerging Plant RNA Viruses
... gests that AP is the principal but not the only reason for fitness tradeoffs (Elena et al. 2009). AP may be an unavoidable consequence of the small size of viral genomes, which in many instances contain overlapping genes and encode multifunctional proteins, making it extremely difficult to optimize ...
... gests that AP is the principal but not the only reason for fitness tradeoffs (Elena et al. 2009). AP may be an unavoidable consequence of the small size of viral genomes, which in many instances contain overlapping genes and encode multifunctional proteins, making it extremely difficult to optimize ...
Genetic drift is random
... Genes that make it into the next generation can just be a random sample of genes in the population (assume alleles are neutral with respect to fitness) Imagine: 50 individuals, every allele unique 100 alleles, qi = 0.01 Random mating: Draw gametes from population at random, with replacemen ...
... Genes that make it into the next generation can just be a random sample of genes in the population (assume alleles are neutral with respect to fitness) Imagine: 50 individuals, every allele unique 100 alleles, qi = 0.01 Random mating: Draw gametes from population at random, with replacemen ...
Heart Failure:
... hospital. It is not recommended for patients under the age of 18. Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic that has been used in the management of pain for more than 40 years. Ionsys differs from other methods of administering pain medications after surgery because it is compact, self-contained, and needle-f ...
... hospital. It is not recommended for patients under the age of 18. Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic that has been used in the management of pain for more than 40 years. Ionsys differs from other methods of administering pain medications after surgery because it is compact, self-contained, and needle-f ...
A1992HJ46800001
... that the beach populations were relatively small and periodically bottlenecked, we also attributed the interpopulation variation to genetic drift rather than to natural selection. This interpretation undoubtedly raised the eyebrows of many mammalogistsand evolutionists, because, in the dogma of the ...
... that the beach populations were relatively small and periodically bottlenecked, we also attributed the interpopulation variation to genetic drift rather than to natural selection. This interpretation undoubtedly raised the eyebrows of many mammalogistsand evolutionists, because, in the dogma of the ...
Viruses, Prions, and Viroids:
... Critical to understanding HIV Copies info on RNA DNA No ______________ many mistakes Mistakes ______________ changes in proteins Host makes antibodies to coat proteins Coat proteins change before host can make enough antibodies Rapid ______________– even faster than bacteria! T ...
... Critical to understanding HIV Copies info on RNA DNA No ______________ many mistakes Mistakes ______________ changes in proteins Host makes antibodies to coat proteins Coat proteins change before host can make enough antibodies Rapid ______________– even faster than bacteria! T ...
Viral reproductive cycle
... • The first anti-retroviral drug • Stops DNA synthesis because it does not have a 3’OH • Originally developed as an anti cancer drug, but too many side effects ...
... • The first anti-retroviral drug • Stops DNA synthesis because it does not have a 3’OH • Originally developed as an anti cancer drug, but too many side effects ...
SwineInfluenzaA04.24.09
... a. 15 kg-23 kg: 45 mg once a day for 7 days after the last known exposure b. 23 kg- 40 kg: 60 mg once a day for 7 days after the last known exposure c. > 40 kg: 75 mg once a day for days 7 after the last known exposure ii. Zanamivir: 1. is an alternative for chemoprophylaxis in patients 5 years and ...
... a. 15 kg-23 kg: 45 mg once a day for 7 days after the last known exposure b. 23 kg- 40 kg: 60 mg once a day for 7 days after the last known exposure c. > 40 kg: 75 mg once a day for days 7 after the last known exposure ii. Zanamivir: 1. is an alternative for chemoprophylaxis in patients 5 years and ...
Glossary eSCART
... your body that work together to protect you from germs. infection An infection occurs when a germ gets into your body and starts to reproduce. Infections often cause disease. infections, opportunistic An opportunistic infection, or OI, is an infection that usually causes disease only in someone with ...
... your body that work together to protect you from germs. infection An infection occurs when a germ gets into your body and starts to reproduce. Infections often cause disease. infections, opportunistic An opportunistic infection, or OI, is an infection that usually causes disease only in someone with ...
POPULATION GENETICS – 3/27/07
... 7. What is Natural selection? Natural selection is the interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and the environment. Natural selection acts on the ____individual________. Evolution occurs at the ____population______. How does it affect allele frequencies in a population? It cau ...
... 7. What is Natural selection? Natural selection is the interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and the environment. Natural selection acts on the ____individual________. Evolution occurs at the ____population______. How does it affect allele frequencies in a population? It cau ...
Tobacco mosaic virus is viruses that cause disease in
... ripening fruit, causing the fruit color and size is not standard. In other hand, the symptoms are very dependent on the age of the infected plant, environmental conditions, viral strain, and genetic background of the host plant, temperature, light conditions, nutritional factors, and water stress.* ...
... ripening fruit, causing the fruit color and size is not standard. In other hand, the symptoms are very dependent on the age of the infected plant, environmental conditions, viral strain, and genetic background of the host plant, temperature, light conditions, nutritional factors, and water stress.* ...
BIOL260Exam2 review
... 3. What are some characteristics of viruses? 4. How are Chlamydia and Rickettsia similar to viruses? Are viruses considered living? 5. Describe the chemical composition of a typical virus. (capsid coat, nucleic acid etc) 6. Explain the steps in the life cycle of T4 (lytic/virulent) bacteriophage. Wh ...
... 3. What are some characteristics of viruses? 4. How are Chlamydia and Rickettsia similar to viruses? Are viruses considered living? 5. Describe the chemical composition of a typical virus. (capsid coat, nucleic acid etc) 6. Explain the steps in the life cycle of T4 (lytic/virulent) bacteriophage. Wh ...
Description of the Infectious Diseases & Biodefense program
... • Human innate and acquired immunity to enteric infections, HIV, influenza • Human genetic epidemiology of infectious diseases • Animal models (rodent and C. elegans) to study host response to amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, hepatitis C, KSHV, influenza ...
... • Human innate and acquired immunity to enteric infections, HIV, influenza • Human genetic epidemiology of infectious diseases • Animal models (rodent and C. elegans) to study host response to amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, hepatitis C, KSHV, influenza ...
Treatment of Viruses
... Origin of Viruses 2. Run-away RNA: Viruses arose from host RNA or DNA that gained a self-replicative, but parasitic existence and acquired the ability to replicate independently of their host ...
... Origin of Viruses 2. Run-away RNA: Viruses arose from host RNA or DNA that gained a self-replicative, but parasitic existence and acquired the ability to replicate independently of their host ...
A16-6-Exponential_and_Log_Applications
... 9. A fossilized leaf is found to contain 10 micrograms of carbon-14 whereas a leaf of this type normally contains about 13.5 micrograms of carbon-14. Estimate the age of the fossilized leaf. (The half-life of carbon 14 is 5730 years. Round to the nearest year.) ...
... 9. A fossilized leaf is found to contain 10 micrograms of carbon-14 whereas a leaf of this type normally contains about 13.5 micrograms of carbon-14. Estimate the age of the fossilized leaf. (The half-life of carbon 14 is 5730 years. Round to the nearest year.) ...
Swine Flu - A Pandemic Outbreak
... are also an important means of infection The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days. Transmission may also occur through wild animals, such as wild boar, which can spread the disease between farms. Transmission to humans: People who work with poul ...
... are also an important means of infection The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days. Transmission may also occur through wild animals, such as wild boar, which can spread the disease between farms. Transmission to humans: People who work with poul ...
Week 21 - stephen fleenor
... LO 1.12 connect scientific evidence from many scientific disciplines to support the modern concept of evolution. LO 1.13 construct and/or justify mathematical models, diagrams or simulations that represent processes of biological evolution. LO 1.25 describe a model that represents evolution within a ...
... LO 1.12 connect scientific evidence from many scientific disciplines to support the modern concept of evolution. LO 1.13 construct and/or justify mathematical models, diagrams or simulations that represent processes of biological evolution. LO 1.25 describe a model that represents evolution within a ...
Name
... c. different mating behaviors. b. geographic barriers. d. reproductive isolation. _____ 11. What situation might develop in a population having some plants whose flowers open at midday and other plants whose flowers open late in the day? a. behavioral isolation c. temporal isolation b. geographic is ...
... c. different mating behaviors. b. geographic barriers. d. reproductive isolation. _____ 11. What situation might develop in a population having some plants whose flowers open at midday and other plants whose flowers open late in the day? a. behavioral isolation c. temporal isolation b. geographic is ...
Viruses Living or Not
... called a capsid. These are called “naked” viruses. An outer membranous layer, called an envelope, made of lipid and protein, surrounds the capsid in some viruses…..these ones are called “enveloped viruses” The capsid accounts for 95% of the total virus, and gives the virus a particular shape ...
... called a capsid. These are called “naked” viruses. An outer membranous layer, called an envelope, made of lipid and protein, surrounds the capsid in some viruses…..these ones are called “enveloped viruses” The capsid accounts for 95% of the total virus, and gives the virus a particular shape ...
In search of a Broad-spectrum anti
... section, and end with the conclusions and comments. Of course, all the real science is in the “methods and results” section. THE PROBLEM: Essentially there is a lack of treatment options for viral threats, especially should a new, hitherto unknown virus become prominent. Vaccines take substantial ti ...
... section, and end with the conclusions and comments. Of course, all the real science is in the “methods and results” section. THE PROBLEM: Essentially there is a lack of treatment options for viral threats, especially should a new, hitherto unknown virus become prominent. Vaccines take substantial ti ...
MICR 201 Microbiology for Health Related Sciences
... 1% mortality due to secondary bacterial infections Vaccine for high-risk individuals ...
... 1% mortality due to secondary bacterial infections Vaccine for high-risk individuals ...
The population memetics of DarwinTunes
... The initial population All the songs in a DarwinTunes population are descended from a single pair of randomly generated songs – an Adam and Eve as it were – except that our songs don’t have genders. These songs were then allowed to mutate, recombine and reproduce to form a population of 100 descenda ...
... The initial population All the songs in a DarwinTunes population are descended from a single pair of randomly generated songs – an Adam and Eve as it were – except that our songs don’t have genders. These songs were then allowed to mutate, recombine and reproduce to form a population of 100 descenda ...
Guidelines for Management of suspected Swine Flue (H1N1 Viral
... all of us to be well versed regarding its current management protocol. The IAP infectious diseases chapter with inputs from Mumbai IAP, has prepared the following guidelines for members of IAP based on the current scientific information available. It may need modifications from time to time to suit ...
... all of us to be well versed regarding its current management protocol. The IAP infectious diseases chapter with inputs from Mumbai IAP, has prepared the following guidelines for members of IAP based on the current scientific information available. It may need modifications from time to time to suit ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.