Evolution as Genetic Change
... Evolution as Genetic Change • Natural selection acts on phenotypes, survival and reproduction determine which alleles are inherited, changing relative frequencies of alleles in a population over time. • Thus evolution is any change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population’s gene pool ...
... Evolution as Genetic Change • Natural selection acts on phenotypes, survival and reproduction determine which alleles are inherited, changing relative frequencies of alleles in a population over time. • Thus evolution is any change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population’s gene pool ...
test 1 2003
... D) explained by appeal to a Ahigher power@ 12) Which of the following is most likely to lead to a decrease in genetic diversity: A) random mating B) directional selection C) outcrossing (i.e. mating with non-kin) D) heterozygote advantage 13) For the malaria example described in class, we learned th ...
... D) explained by appeal to a Ahigher power@ 12) Which of the following is most likely to lead to a decrease in genetic diversity: A) random mating B) directional selection C) outcrossing (i.e. mating with non-kin) D) heterozygote advantage 13) For the malaria example described in class, we learned th ...
Chapter 13 Chromosomes
... The causes of founder effects and population bottlenecks differ. A founder effect reflects ...
... The causes of founder effects and population bottlenecks differ. A founder effect reflects ...
Molecular Diagnosis Of Infectious Diseases
... A negative result from an infected patient could be due to the presence of PCR inhibitors that co-purify with RNA, a poor quality specimen, or a specimen lacking virus Negative PCR results for specimens from the upper respiratory tract could trigger sampling from the lower respiratory tract wher ...
... A negative result from an infected patient could be due to the presence of PCR inhibitors that co-purify with RNA, a poor quality specimen, or a specimen lacking virus Negative PCR results for specimens from the upper respiratory tract could trigger sampling from the lower respiratory tract wher ...
Odds for Controls
... insect vector. • When an insect vector is involved, the disease is also known as an arboviral disease. • However, not all arboviral diseases are zoonosis: where the transmission cycle takes place exclusively between insect vector and human e.g. dengue and urban yellow fever. • Examples of viral zoon ...
... insect vector. • When an insect vector is involved, the disease is also known as an arboviral disease. • However, not all arboviral diseases are zoonosis: where the transmission cycle takes place exclusively between insect vector and human e.g. dengue and urban yellow fever. • Examples of viral zoon ...
Swine Flu
... Key epidemiological features • Younger (5 to 49 years) rather than older (>65 years) age groups are most affected by the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. • Human-to-human transmission appears to be similar to seasonal influenza viruses occurring primarily through close unprotected contact with ...
... Key epidemiological features • Younger (5 to 49 years) rather than older (>65 years) age groups are most affected by the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. • Human-to-human transmission appears to be similar to seasonal influenza viruses occurring primarily through close unprotected contact with ...
18.1 Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes
... Figure: Although eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can be microscopic, they are large in comparison to viruses, viroids, and prions. ...
... Figure: Although eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can be microscopic, they are large in comparison to viruses, viroids, and prions. ...
Kingdom: Viruses
... •The proteins on the outside of the virus allow it to attach to proteins on our cell membranes. Once attached, the virus is able to release its RNA into our cells to take control of ribosomes and make copies of itself. ...
... •The proteins on the outside of the virus allow it to attach to proteins on our cell membranes. Once attached, the virus is able to release its RNA into our cells to take control of ribosomes and make copies of itself. ...
notes (p.49-52)
... population Figure 21: The genealogy of a subset of a constant size population. Going back in time, the lines starting at individuals merge at common ancestors. is the Wright-Fisher model. We imagine that, tracing back in time, each child chooses its single parent at random, independently of the othe ...
... population Figure 21: The genealogy of a subset of a constant size population. Going back in time, the lines starting at individuals merge at common ancestors. is the Wright-Fisher model. We imagine that, tracing back in time, each child chooses its single parent at random, independently of the othe ...
Test 1 Review
... p(t) 2000e for some constant k. a. Find k for this bacteria culture. b. Find the size of the bacterial population after 20 minutes. c. Find the size of the bacterial population after 7 hours. ...
... p(t) 2000e for some constant k. a. Find k for this bacteria culture. b. Find the size of the bacterial population after 20 minutes. c. Find the size of the bacterial population after 7 hours. ...
Swine Flu Vaccination
... Use alcohol-based hand-rub or wash hands with soap and water Remove cap and face shield (place cap in bin and if reusable place face shield in container for decontamination) Remove mask - by grasping elastic behind ears – do not touch front of mask Use alcohol-based hand-rub or wash hands with soap ...
... Use alcohol-based hand-rub or wash hands with soap and water Remove cap and face shield (place cap in bin and if reusable place face shield in container for decontamination) Remove mask - by grasping elastic behind ears – do not touch front of mask Use alcohol-based hand-rub or wash hands with soap ...
HIVFinal
... Multi-drug therapy reduces viral loads, but are complex, have interactions, and do not work for everyone – ART released in 1987 – Federal guidelines suggest treatment be delayed until levels of immune suppression are observed – Debate about when to start ART ...
... Multi-drug therapy reduces viral loads, but are complex, have interactions, and do not work for everyone – ART released in 1987 – Federal guidelines suggest treatment be delayed until levels of immune suppression are observed – Debate about when to start ART ...
Program of the SIMBAD seminar, second session
... Title : Dynamics of concentration in a population model structured by age and a phenotypical trait Abstract : We study a mathematical model describing the growth process of a population subject to aging, competition between individuals and rare non-local mutations. Our goal is to describe the asympt ...
... Title : Dynamics of concentration in a population model structured by age and a phenotypical trait Abstract : We study a mathematical model describing the growth process of a population subject to aging, competition between individuals and rare non-local mutations. Our goal is to describe the asympt ...
File - Mr. SR Brandt
... attachment protein. Therefore, each virus can usually attach to only a few kinds of cells. • In general, viruses are species specific, and some also are celltype specific. For example, polio viruses normally infect only intestinal and nerve cells. ...
... attachment protein. Therefore, each virus can usually attach to only a few kinds of cells. • In general, viruses are species specific, and some also are celltype specific. For example, polio viruses normally infect only intestinal and nerve cells. ...
Influenza Surveillance Training: Sentinel Sites - ina
... 6. Optimizing public health strategies. ...
... 6. Optimizing public health strategies. ...
Bacteria vs. Virus KWL and Article
... Definition: Viruses are the simplest and tiniest of microbes. They can be as much as 10,000 times smaller than Bacteria. Viruses consist of a small collection of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protective coat called a capsid. Function: When viruses come into contact with the “host cells” ...
... Definition: Viruses are the simplest and tiniest of microbes. They can be as much as 10,000 times smaller than Bacteria. Viruses consist of a small collection of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protective coat called a capsid. Function: When viruses come into contact with the “host cells” ...
Virus Structure
... Modifications at the ends of virus genomes • covalently linked protein at the 5 end. In at least some viruses this is a vestige of a primer that was used for initiation of genome synthesis • Some genome RNAs have one or both of the modifications that occur in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs): a ...
... Modifications at the ends of virus genomes • covalently linked protein at the 5 end. In at least some viruses this is a vestige of a primer that was used for initiation of genome synthesis • Some genome RNAs have one or both of the modifications that occur in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs): a ...
QE GenKnowl Topics
... How is epidemiology used to understand virus-host interactions for example (1) establishing an etiologic role for viruses in human cancer, (2) establishing the effectiveness of a new vaccine (3) determining the importance of life style, environmental or genetic factors in viral disease susceptibilit ...
... How is epidemiology used to understand virus-host interactions for example (1) establishing an etiologic role for viruses in human cancer, (2) establishing the effectiveness of a new vaccine (3) determining the importance of life style, environmental or genetic factors in viral disease susceptibilit ...
15 Virus transcript
... Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Also referred to as EBV or HHV-4 Can cause a number of different diseases Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of EBV Infections Transmission of EBV usually occurs via saliva Virions initially infect the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid salivary glands The virus the ...
... Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Also referred to as EBV or HHV-4 Can cause a number of different diseases Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of EBV Infections Transmission of EBV usually occurs via saliva Virions initially infect the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid salivary glands The virus the ...
Viruses - Humble ISD
... • Some viruses are named after the disease they cause (rabies viruses and polio viruses) • Other viruses are named for the organ they ...
... • Some viruses are named after the disease they cause (rabies viruses and polio viruses) • Other viruses are named for the organ they ...
Slide 1
... the influenza A virus (top to bottom): polymerase PB2, polymerase PB1, polymerase PA, hemagglutinin, nuclear protein, neuraminidase, matrix proteins, and nonstructural proteins. The segments of the human 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus have coexisted in swine influenza A virus strains for more than 10 ...
... the influenza A virus (top to bottom): polymerase PB2, polymerase PB1, polymerase PA, hemagglutinin, nuclear protein, neuraminidase, matrix proteins, and nonstructural proteins. The segments of the human 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus have coexisted in swine influenza A virus strains for more than 10 ...
Molecular Evolutionary Analysis of Classical Swine Fever Virus
... of 3.04 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year (subs/site/ year), was approximately five times that of Chinese Group 1, with a mean substitution rate of 5.88 × 10-4 subs/site/ year (Figure 4). Small increases in the RNA virus mutation rate caused the virus serious fitness effects (18), and higher su ...
... of 3.04 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year (subs/site/ year), was approximately five times that of Chinese Group 1, with a mean substitution rate of 5.88 × 10-4 subs/site/ year (Figure 4). Small increases in the RNA virus mutation rate caused the virus serious fitness effects (18), and higher su ...
AP Biology Jones The components to the Hardy
... The components to the Hardy-Weinberg principle explain reasons why a population would maintain genetic equilibrium (not evolve) unless acted upon by an outside factor. Fill in the table below to explain how these outside influences allow the evolution of a population (change allele frequencies). ...
... The components to the Hardy-Weinberg principle explain reasons why a population would maintain genetic equilibrium (not evolve) unless acted upon by an outside factor. Fill in the table below to explain how these outside influences allow the evolution of a population (change allele frequencies). ...
Genetic Variation in Natural Selection
... The Zika virus is a retrovirus which, historically, has been endemic to Brazil and has almost exclusively infected monkey populations (infection of human populations has been rare; see table below). In the past ten years, Brazil has experienced significant deforestation and expansion of its cities. ...
... The Zika virus is a retrovirus which, historically, has been endemic to Brazil and has almost exclusively infected monkey populations (infection of human populations has been rare; see table below). In the past ten years, Brazil has experienced significant deforestation and expansion of its cities. ...
Escherichia coli ST131: a model for high-risk transmission
... vertical and horizontal transmission of resistance and virulence genes and how they contributed to the transmission success of ST131 among humans, animals and different environments. The broad goal is to improve human health by better understanding managing infections due to multidrug resistant E. c ...
... vertical and horizontal transmission of resistance and virulence genes and how they contributed to the transmission success of ST131 among humans, animals and different environments. The broad goal is to improve human health by better understanding managing infections due to multidrug resistant E. c ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.