German Symposium on Zoonoses Research 2014 7th International
... Ebola outbreak in West Africa proves how dangerous infectious diseases are and how difficult it is to control them. Contractible diseases still range among the most common causes of death worldwide. According to WHO and OIE, over 60 % of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses. The potential sprea ...
... Ebola outbreak in West Africa proves how dangerous infectious diseases are and how difficult it is to control them. Contractible diseases still range among the most common causes of death worldwide. According to WHO and OIE, over 60 % of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses. The potential sprea ...
Genetics and Evolution of Deep-Sea Chemosynthetic Bacteria and
... to new chemosynthetic habitats. A persistent dictum in microbiology is that “everything is everywhere, and nature selects” (Beijerinck 1913), but molecular studies have made it apparent that microbial populations are often spatially subdivided (Papke et al. 2003; Whitaker et al. 2003). Local-scale d ...
... to new chemosynthetic habitats. A persistent dictum in microbiology is that “everything is everywhere, and nature selects” (Beijerinck 1913), but molecular studies have made it apparent that microbial populations are often spatially subdivided (Papke et al. 2003; Whitaker et al. 2003). Local-scale d ...
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Guidance for Healthcare Workers and Healthcare Employers www.osha.gov
... lead to high levels of illness, death, social disruption, and economic loss. Everyday life would be disrupted because so many people in so many places become seriously ill at the same time. Impacts can range from school and business closings to the interruption of basic services such as public trans ...
... lead to high levels of illness, death, social disruption, and economic loss. Everyday life would be disrupted because so many people in so many places become seriously ill at the same time. Impacts can range from school and business closings to the interruption of basic services such as public trans ...
Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Guidance for Healthcare Workers and Healthcare Employers
... lead to high levels of illness, death, social disruption, and economic loss. Everyday life would be disrupted because so many people in so many places become seriously ill at the same time. Impacts can range from school and business closings to the interruption of basic services such as public trans ...
... lead to high levels of illness, death, social disruption, and economic loss. Everyday life would be disrupted because so many people in so many places become seriously ill at the same time. Impacts can range from school and business closings to the interruption of basic services such as public trans ...
FACTORS THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO EFFECTIVE
... HIV differs from many other viruses in that it has very high genetic variability. This is because it has a fast replication cycle, with the generation of 109 to 1010 virions every day, coupled with a high mutation rates. This means that there are many different strains of HIV, even within the body o ...
... HIV differs from many other viruses in that it has very high genetic variability. This is because it has a fast replication cycle, with the generation of 109 to 1010 virions every day, coupled with a high mutation rates. This means that there are many different strains of HIV, even within the body o ...
A FRAMEWORK FOR AN AUSTRALIAN
... Influenza pandemics occur capriciously and unpredictably, when a major genetic shift in the influenza virus throws up a new subtype to which the world population has little or no immunity. There have been three this century, and the most devastating, the “Spanish ’flu” of 1918-19, killed at least 20 ...
... Influenza pandemics occur capriciously and unpredictably, when a major genetic shift in the influenza virus throws up a new subtype to which the world population has little or no immunity. There have been three this century, and the most devastating, the “Spanish ’flu” of 1918-19, killed at least 20 ...
Non-genetic Transmission of Memes by Diffusion
... that memetic transmission from parents to children may take place through genetic or non-genetic means, i.e., memes may or may not be encoded as part of the genotype. On the other hand, meme can transfer from one individual to another (horizontal transmission) at anytime throughout the life cycle of ...
... that memetic transmission from parents to children may take place through genetic or non-genetic means, i.e., memes may or may not be encoded as part of the genotype. On the other hand, meme can transfer from one individual to another (horizontal transmission) at anytime throughout the life cycle of ...
Influenza Pandemic Plan - Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust
... The patients and communities that we serve expect us to be there for them when they need it, irrespective of the circumstances we face. As such, we as a Trust must do all that we can to ensure we are well prepared to respond to any disruptive challenges or emergencies that we might come to face. At ...
... The patients and communities that we serve expect us to be there for them when they need it, irrespective of the circumstances we face. As such, we as a Trust must do all that we can to ensure we are well prepared to respond to any disruptive challenges or emergencies that we might come to face. At ...
HIV/AIDS: Epidemic Update for North Carolina
... vaccine strategies. The availability of antiretroviral drug therapy has been a benefit to many who are HIV-infected, with a delay in the development of opportunistic infections and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, HIV does eventually lead to AIDS in many people despite these adva ...
... vaccine strategies. The availability of antiretroviral drug therapy has been a benefit to many who are HIV-infected, with a delay in the development of opportunistic infections and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, HIV does eventually lead to AIDS in many people despite these adva ...
CDC Influenza Pandemic Operation Base Plan (OPLAN)
... stopped easily. However, it can be slowed, giving the U. S. time to prepare and/or time to develop and distribute antiviral drugs, vaccines and other countermeasures to mitigate the effects of a pandemic. The pandemic threat we now face is a new influenza strain, the Influenza A (H5N1). It is curren ...
... stopped easily. However, it can be slowed, giving the U. S. time to prepare and/or time to develop and distribute antiviral drugs, vaccines and other countermeasures to mitigate the effects of a pandemic. The pandemic threat we now face is a new influenza strain, the Influenza A (H5N1). It is curren ...
HIV - Delaware General Health District
... ** HIV nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) detection tests are the virologic methods of choice for the diagnosis or exclusion of infection in children <18 months of age. Although HIV culture can be used, culture is less standardized and less sensitive than nucleic acid detection tests. The use of p24 antigen ...
... ** HIV nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) detection tests are the virologic methods of choice for the diagnosis or exclusion of infection in children <18 months of age. Although HIV culture can be used, culture is less standardized and less sensitive than nucleic acid detection tests. The use of p24 antigen ...
Tamiflu Prescribing Information
... c) Add the total amount of water for constitution to the bottle. d) Close bottle with child-resistant cap tightly and shake the closed bottle well for 15 seconds. e) Label the bottle with instructions to “Shake Well Before Use”. f) The constituted oral suspension contains 360 mg of oseltamivir base ...
... c) Add the total amount of water for constitution to the bottle. d) Close bottle with child-resistant cap tightly and shake the closed bottle well for 15 seconds. e) Label the bottle with instructions to “Shake Well Before Use”. f) The constituted oral suspension contains 360 mg of oseltamivir base ...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Older Adults: A Hidden Annual Epidemic
... Since the clinical syndrome is nonspecific, laboratory testing is required for accurate RSV diagnosis. At the current time, PCR is the diagnostic test of choice with ~85 percent sensitivity in adults. Viral shedding starts soon after infection in adults and peaks at about day three, followed by a tw ...
... Since the clinical syndrome is nonspecific, laboratory testing is required for accurate RSV diagnosis. At the current time, PCR is the diagnostic test of choice with ~85 percent sensitivity in adults. Viral shedding starts soon after infection in adults and peaks at about day three, followed by a tw ...
Infectious Disease Myths (or are they myths?)
... • This was the first recorded detection of virus directly in material obtained from a lesion in a disease caused by a virus (even though, since viruses had not been described, the particles were called spores). • This was also the first rapid laboratory diagnosis of a viral disease. • Buist also ass ...
... • This was the first recorded detection of virus directly in material obtained from a lesion in a disease caused by a virus (even though, since viruses had not been described, the particles were called spores). • This was also the first rapid laboratory diagnosis of a viral disease. • Buist also ass ...
INTERACTION OF SELECTION, MUTATION, AND DRIFT
... drift is negligible relative to the power of selection, and also ignoring the origin of new variation by mutation. Such an approach often works well when the focus is on short-term evolutionary issues. However, on longer time scales, selection, mutation, and drift can interact to pattern variation b ...
... drift is negligible relative to the power of selection, and also ignoring the origin of new variation by mutation. Such an approach often works well when the focus is on short-term evolutionary issues. However, on longer time scales, selection, mutation, and drift can interact to pattern variation b ...
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ITS EFFECTS ON MUTATION
... deleterious in the organisms current environment (Kimura 1984, Drake 1991), and are thus not selected against. The important concept is the "current environment" of the population. If the environment changes, exposing the genome to new selection pressures, then selection acting upon this standing ge ...
... deleterious in the organisms current environment (Kimura 1984, Drake 1991), and are thus not selected against. The important concept is the "current environment" of the population. If the environment changes, exposing the genome to new selection pressures, then selection acting upon this standing ge ...
UK guideline for the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for
... that would be required for such a study. However a retrospective case-controlled study among health-care workers occupationally exposed to HIV infection demonstrated that a 28-day course of zidovudine was protective, odds ratio (OR) 0.19 (95% CI 0.06 –0.52%).31 This study has some limitations, inclu ...
... that would be required for such a study. However a retrospective case-controlled study among health-care workers occupationally exposed to HIV infection demonstrated that a 28-day course of zidovudine was protective, odds ratio (OR) 0.19 (95% CI 0.06 –0.52%).31 This study has some limitations, inclu ...
Evolutionary dynamics of RNA-like replicator systems
... Interestingly, a similar situation exists in RNA and DNA. RNA and DNA are chemically very similar to each other, the only difference being the presence or absence of one oxygen atom per nucleotide. Although RNA molecules are the only templates from which proteins are translated in the cell, DNA can ...
... Interestingly, a similar situation exists in RNA and DNA. RNA and DNA are chemically very similar to each other, the only difference being the presence or absence of one oxygen atom per nucleotide. Although RNA molecules are the only templates from which proteins are translated in the cell, DNA can ...
SWINE INFLUENZA
... Concept of “original antigenic sin,”by Francis - immune response is greatest to antigens to which first exposure occurred in childhood. • Persons born before 1957 who were exposed in childhood to influenza A (H1N1) viruses might be better protected against this viral subtype than those who were firs ...
... Concept of “original antigenic sin,”by Francis - immune response is greatest to antigens to which first exposure occurred in childhood. • Persons born before 1957 who were exposed in childhood to influenza A (H1N1) viruses might be better protected against this viral subtype than those who were firs ...
What role does natural selection play in speciation?
... with divergence. It is remarkable that, in fact, organisms that offer by thousands of amino acid substitutions often freely hybridize, and that even where they do not, relatively few incompatibilities may be responsible for hybrid unfitness (Orr & Turelli 2001). The slow accumulation of reproductive ...
... with divergence. It is remarkable that, in fact, organisms that offer by thousands of amino acid substitutions often freely hybridize, and that even where they do not, relatively few incompatibilities may be responsible for hybrid unfitness (Orr & Turelli 2001). The slow accumulation of reproductive ...
Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on
... environment. Here, we investigated the factors that determine the persistence of viruses in HEAM, and we determined the main mechanisms that lead to their inactivation. Unlike other organisms, viruses can have four different genome types (double- or single-stranded RNA or DNA), and the viruses studi ...
... environment. Here, we investigated the factors that determine the persistence of viruses in HEAM, and we determined the main mechanisms that lead to their inactivation. Unlike other organisms, viruses can have four different genome types (double- or single-stranded RNA or DNA), and the viruses studi ...
Crossover and Diploid Dominance with Deceptive Fitness
... localized and generally results in slower, but more detailed hill climbing. Such localization is an implicit characteristic of all genetic algorithms, usually due to the relatively large genotype space compared to the space of possible mutations in a single individual per generation. Equation (2.6) ...
... localized and generally results in slower, but more detailed hill climbing. Such localization is an implicit characteristic of all genetic algorithms, usually due to the relatively large genotype space compared to the space of possible mutations in a single individual per generation. Equation (2.6) ...
The Effects of a Bottleneck on Inbreeding Depression and the
... several percentage points, even for severe bottlenecks. Highly recessive mutations experience a purging process that causes inbreeding depression to decline for a number of additional generations. On the basis of available parameter estimates, the absolute fall in inbreeding depression may often be ...
... several percentage points, even for severe bottlenecks. Highly recessive mutations experience a purging process that causes inbreeding depression to decline for a number of additional generations. On the basis of available parameter estimates, the absolute fall in inbreeding depression may often be ...
Classification of Hypotheses on the Advantage of Amphimixis
... amphimixis decreases response to selection. Variation and Selection hypotheses require that some factor, either random drift or epistatic selection, makes distributions of different alleles nonindependent, while another factor, either changes of the genotype witnesses or deleterious mutations, makes ...
... amphimixis decreases response to selection. Variation and Selection hypotheses require that some factor, either random drift or epistatic selection, makes distributions of different alleles nonindependent, while another factor, either changes of the genotype witnesses or deleterious mutations, makes ...
Viral phylodynamics
Viral phylodynamics is defined as the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies.Since the coining of the term in 2004, research on viral phylodynamics has focused on transmission dynamics in an effort to shed light on how these dynamics impact viral genetic variation. Transmission dynamics can be considered at the level of cells within an infected host, individual hosts within a population, or entire populations of hosts.Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, rapidly accumulate genetic variation because of short generation times and high mutation rates.Patterns of viral genetic variation are therefore heavily influenced by how quickly transmission occurs and by which entities transmit to one another.Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes.Although viruses can differ with respect to many phenotypes, phylodynamic studies have to date tended to focus on a limited number of viral phenotypes.These include virulence phenotypes, phenotypes associated with viral transmissibility, cell or tissue tropism phenotypes, and antigenic phenotypes that can facilitate escape from host immunity.Due to the impact that transmission dynamics and selection can have on viral genetic variation, viral phylogenies can therefore be used to investigate important epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes, such as epidemic spread, spatio-temporal dynamics including metapopulation dynamics, zoonotic transmission, tissue tropism, and antigenic drift.The quantitative investigation of these processes through the consideration of viral phylogenies is the central aim of viral phylodynamics.