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Course Introduction - Hunter College, Department of Geography
... • It has location – both site and situation • It has spatial extent – about 54,470 sq mi • It has boundaries – political designation of ...
... • It has location – both site and situation • It has spatial extent – about 54,470 sq mi • It has boundaries – political designation of ...
A succession of theories: purging redundancy from disturbance theory
... diversity (Pielou, 1966) and patch dynamics (White & Pickett, 1985;Wu & Loucks, 1995) are less directly relevant to the topic of succession and post-disturbance ecosystems than the succession and other disturbance-related theories that we have addressed. In this review, we largely focus on post-dist ...
... diversity (Pielou, 1966) and patch dynamics (White & Pickett, 1985;Wu & Loucks, 1995) are less directly relevant to the topic of succession and post-disturbance ecosystems than the succession and other disturbance-related theories that we have addressed. In this review, we largely focus on post-dist ...
Summary - University of Amsterdam
... is non-pervasive or because disruptive selection prevails over the homogenizing effect of gene flow. Depth divergence within M. pharensis suggests that symbiont functional differences may play a role in depth-based disruptive selection of the coral host and can partially explain patterns of holobion ...
... is non-pervasive or because disruptive selection prevails over the homogenizing effect of gene flow. Depth divergence within M. pharensis suggests that symbiont functional differences may play a role in depth-based disruptive selection of the coral host and can partially explain patterns of holobion ...
Chapter 235 - El Niño and Biodiversity
... (see Observed Effects: Increased Sea-surface Temperature), regular ENSO events also increase the potential for long-range dispersal. Such migration and gene exchange often decreases geographic genetic structure. However, rarer and more extreme events may cause entirely new habitats to be colonized, ...
... (see Observed Effects: Increased Sea-surface Temperature), regular ENSO events also increase the potential for long-range dispersal. Such migration and gene exchange often decreases geographic genetic structure. However, rarer and more extreme events may cause entirely new habitats to be colonized, ...
Distribution pattern of the green alga Codium fragile (Suringar
... dominant canopy species. In disturbed habitats, where several native algal species such as Sargassum spp. and Ecklonia have been harvested for food, the activity creates large areas of unoccupied habitat where opportunistic algae such as C. fragile can become a dominant species. Williamson (1996) su ...
... dominant canopy species. In disturbed habitats, where several native algal species such as Sargassum spp. and Ecklonia have been harvested for food, the activity creates large areas of unoccupied habitat where opportunistic algae such as C. fragile can become a dominant species. Williamson (1996) su ...
Definitions of terms relating to biological diversity
... their relationships, at every level of organisation from genome to ecosystem Biogenic: (adj) produced or caused by biological processes Biogeography: (n) study of the distribution of organisms and the processes that lead to these distributions Biomarker: (n) tracer used to detect, distinguish or mon ...
... their relationships, at every level of organisation from genome to ecosystem Biogenic: (adj) produced or caused by biological processes Biogeography: (n) study of the distribution of organisms and the processes that lead to these distributions Biomarker: (n) tracer used to detect, distinguish or mon ...
Elephants versus butterflies: the ecological role of large herbivores
... Furthermore, several LRFH are in danger of extinction and have been missing for decades from much of their former geographical ranges, hence researchers have been unable to assess their ecological importance. For example, India has been the site of a flurry of research activity pertaining to large m ...
... Furthermore, several LRFH are in danger of extinction and have been missing for decades from much of their former geographical ranges, hence researchers have been unable to assess their ecological importance. For example, India has been the site of a flurry of research activity pertaining to large m ...
Population structure of long-lived macrozoobenthic species
... Metadata for a suggested method to measure the size classes. 2. Density of blue mussels: Density of 1+ year-classes of blue mussels in a healthy mussel bed is in the order of 20 000 – 100 000 ind. m-2 (Westerbom 2006, Koivisto 2011). Recruitment failures decrease mussel density in a couple of years ...
... Metadata for a suggested method to measure the size classes. 2. Density of blue mussels: Density of 1+ year-classes of blue mussels in a healthy mussel bed is in the order of 20 000 – 100 000 ind. m-2 (Westerbom 2006, Koivisto 2011). Recruitment failures decrease mussel density in a couple of years ...
Journal of Natural History Is it all death feigning? Case in anurans
... (interaction with predators), and their putative or actual functions. Keywords: Anurans; defensive behaviour; thanatosis; death feigning; shrinking; tonic immobility ...
... (interaction with predators), and their putative or actual functions. Keywords: Anurans; defensive behaviour; thanatosis; death feigning; shrinking; tonic immobility ...
883) What controls the ability of species to respond (by
... 7) Are there alternatives to cattle systems in remote High Nature Value areas that could maintain the conservation benefits that these currently deliver? 8) What are the most effective measures for preventing soil erosion in The Fens? 9) How does the biodiversity impact of a particular land use prac ...
... 7) Are there alternatives to cattle systems in remote High Nature Value areas that could maintain the conservation benefits that these currently deliver? 8) What are the most effective measures for preventing soil erosion in The Fens? 9) How does the biodiversity impact of a particular land use prac ...
Ecosystems and Population Change Ecosystems and Population
... study of how organisms interact with each other. Ecology combines the Greek words oikos, meaning “the place where one lives,” with logos, meaning “study of.” Ecological studies can begin at the level of a single organism. For example, an investigation could be designed to determine how the individua ...
... study of how organisms interact with each other. Ecology combines the Greek words oikos, meaning “the place where one lives,” with logos, meaning “study of.” Ecological studies can begin at the level of a single organism. For example, an investigation could be designed to determine how the individua ...
Empirical Evidence for the Scale Dependence of Biotic Interactions
... locations are not published for all BBS routes, yet route locations are known, and point locations exist for the first stop of each route. For routes between 29 and 49 km in length, we used ArcGIS and Python to generate likely locations for the remaining 49 stops, spaced equidistant along each route ...
... locations are not published for all BBS routes, yet route locations are known, and point locations exist for the first stop of each route. For routes between 29 and 49 km in length, we used ArcGIS and Python to generate likely locations for the remaining 49 stops, spaced equidistant along each route ...
Biodiversity and the African Savanna: Problems of Definition and
... human influence at the third level of the hierarchy, equal with fire and herbivores, but [19] produces a model that place such issues at the top of the hierarchy. Each of the factors at the different levels of the hierarchy is termed as ‘holons’ or subsystems that interact with other subsystems at t ...
... human influence at the third level of the hierarchy, equal with fire and herbivores, but [19] produces a model that place such issues at the top of the hierarchy. Each of the factors at the different levels of the hierarchy is termed as ‘holons’ or subsystems that interact with other subsystems at t ...
Sustainable Ecosystems Sustainable Ecosystems
... reef. Coral reefs are one of the world’s most important and sensitive ecological systems (Figure 1.5). An ecologist might want to find out such things as which kinds of fish live there permanently, and which stay for short periods and then leave. They might also study the physical parts of the syste ...
... reef. Coral reefs are one of the world’s most important and sensitive ecological systems (Figure 1.5). An ecologist might want to find out such things as which kinds of fish live there permanently, and which stay for short periods and then leave. They might also study the physical parts of the syste ...
Ecology - Make Me Genius
... species - a group of hardy organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process Climax community - stable, end stage of ecological succession in which the plants and animals of a community use resources efficiently and balance is maint ...
... species - a group of hardy organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process Climax community - stable, end stage of ecological succession in which the plants and animals of a community use resources efficiently and balance is maint ...
Reprinted - RERO DOC
... Camerano's work was left unknown to ecologists until very recently (30,31). For example, no citation to his work appears in an earlier contribution on the history of ecology (32), and the important concepts he developed had to be reinvented – a situation not uncommon in the course of scientific prog ...
... Camerano's work was left unknown to ecologists until very recently (30,31). For example, no citation to his work appears in an earlier contribution on the history of ecology (32), and the important concepts he developed had to be reinvented – a situation not uncommon in the course of scientific prog ...
Singlespecies metapopulation dynamics
... Table 1 gives the estimated values of x and e’/M for the three species of shrew with incidence functions shown in Fig. 2. The extinction parameter x is greater than 1 for the largest species araneus, indicating exponentially increasing persistence time with increasing population size, and hence sugg ...
... Table 1 gives the estimated values of x and e’/M for the three species of shrew with incidence functions shown in Fig. 2. The extinction parameter x is greater than 1 for the largest species araneus, indicating exponentially increasing persistence time with increasing population size, and hence sugg ...
empirical evidence for an optimal body size in snakes
... groups. In this study we describe three statistical patterns of body size in snakes, all of which indicate an optimal length of 1.0 m. First, a distribution of largest body lengths of 618 snake species had a single mode at 1.0 m. Second, we found a positive relationship between the size of the large ...
... groups. In this study we describe three statistical patterns of body size in snakes, all of which indicate an optimal length of 1.0 m. First, a distribution of largest body lengths of 618 snake species had a single mode at 1.0 m. Second, we found a positive relationship between the size of the large ...
Beyond species loss: The extinction of ecological
... We define an axis of habitat loss (x) that ranges from a pristine, undisturbed stage (zero) to a stage (one) of complete disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates wi ...
... We define an axis of habitat loss (x) that ranges from a pristine, undisturbed stage (zero) to a stage (one) of complete disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates wi ...
Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a
... We define an axis of habitat loss (x) that ranges from a pristine, undisturbed stage (zero) to a stage (one) of complete disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates wi ...
... We define an axis of habitat loss (x) that ranges from a pristine, undisturbed stage (zero) to a stage (one) of complete disturbance where all species present in the zero stage have lost their habitat. This axis may represent a reversed area axis, widely used to indirectly predict extinction rates wi ...
1 Properties of Matter
... communication between different parts of the body and the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works. 4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, liga ...
... communication between different parts of the body and the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works. 4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, liga ...
Effects of disturbance by Siberian marmots (Marmota sibirica) on
... Mongolia (Zahler et al. 2004); however, little is known about some of its ecological roles; in particular in creating spatial heterogeneity at the landscape scale. The types of vegetation that grow on the mounds created by Siberian marmots can differ greatly from that on the surrounding, comparative ...
... Mongolia (Zahler et al. 2004); however, little is known about some of its ecological roles; in particular in creating spatial heterogeneity at the landscape scale. The types of vegetation that grow on the mounds created by Siberian marmots can differ greatly from that on the surrounding, comparative ...
Why Are HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS Important?
... could be more rapid than has been observed in many thousands of years. In the islands famous for being the world’s “laboratory of evolution,” the unique flora and fauna may not be able to adapt quickly enough. Decision-makers in all sectors, from natural resource managers to those responsible for hu ...
... could be more rapid than has been observed in many thousands of years. In the islands famous for being the world’s “laboratory of evolution,” the unique flora and fauna may not be able to adapt quickly enough. Decision-makers in all sectors, from natural resource managers to those responsible for hu ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: the emergence of a synthetic ecological framework CHAPTER 1
... processes respond differently to loss of biodiversity providing some support for several current hypotheses. To the extent that loss of plant biodiversity in the real world means a reduction in the ability of ecosystems to ®x CO2, we also tentatively conclude that the loss of diversity may reduce th ...
... processes respond differently to loss of biodiversity providing some support for several current hypotheses. To the extent that loss of plant biodiversity in the real world means a reduction in the ability of ecosystems to ®x CO2, we also tentatively conclude that the loss of diversity may reduce th ...
The Scale of Successional Models and Restoration Objectives
... restored may be impacted (Figure 1). The range of temporal durations and spatial extents of processes suggests that we should think of sites as impacted by a continuum of process scales (Parker & Pickett 1997, 1998). We can arbitrarily divide this continuum into several categories. One is those proc ...
... restored may be impacted (Figure 1). The range of temporal durations and spatial extents of processes suggests that we should think of sites as impacted by a continuum of process scales (Parker & Pickett 1997, 1998). We can arbitrarily divide this continuum into several categories. One is those proc ...
Biogeography
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wallace_biogeography.jpg?width=300)
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of plants. Zoogeography is the branch that studies distribution of animals.Knowledge of spatial variation in the numbers and types of organisms is as vital to us today as it was to our early human ancestors, as we adapt to heterogeneous but geographically predictable environments. Biogeography is an integrative field of inquiry that unites concepts and information from ecology, evolutionary biology, geology, and physical geography.Modern biogeographic research combines information and ideas from many fields, from the physiological and ecological constraints on organismal dispersal to geological and climatological phenomena operating at global spatial scales and evolutionary time frames.The short-term interactions within a habitat and species of organisms describe the ecological application of biogeography. Historical biogeography describes the long-term, evolutionary periods of time for broader classifications of organisms. Early scientists, beginning with Carl Linnaeus, contributed theories to the contributions of the development of biogeography as a science. Beginning in the mid-18th century, Europeans explored the world and discovered the biodiversity of life. Linnaeus initiated the ways to classify organisms through his exploration of undiscovered territories.The scientific theory of biogeography grows out of the work of Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), Hewett Cottrell Watson (1804–1881), Alphonse de Candolle (1806–1893), Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), Philip Lutley Sclater (1829–1913) and other biologists and explorers.