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Side effect overdose and contraindications
Side effect overdose and contraindications

rajiv gandhi university of health sciences bangalore, karnataka
rajiv gandhi university of health sciences bangalore, karnataka

... others and available as dietary supplement. Vitamin D is also known as the “sunshine” vitamin because the body manufactures the vitamin after being exposed to sunshine. 10 to 15 minutes of sunshine 3 times weekly is enough to produce the body requirement of vitamin D. 6 It is also produced endogenou ...
cerebral palsy: strong bones, healthy kids
cerebral palsy: strong bones, healthy kids

... Children  with  cerebral  palsy  (CP)  have  low  bone  mineral  density,  which  means  their  bones  are  weak  and  at  increased  risk  for  fragility  fractures.   In  order  to  learn  more  about  how  to  improve  bone  minera ...
EXCESSIVE SUN EXPOSURE – A DANGER FACTOR FOR THE SKIN
EXCESSIVE SUN EXPOSURE – A DANGER FACTOR FOR THE SKIN

Peer-reviewed Article PDF
Peer-reviewed Article PDF

A practical approach to vitamin and mineral supplementation in food
A practical approach to vitamin and mineral supplementation in food

Longitudinal Study of Nutrient Intakes in Infants Aged 12
Longitudinal Study of Nutrient Intakes in Infants Aged 12

Bone Mineral Density and Fat-Soluble Vitamin Status in Adults with
Bone Mineral Density and Fat-Soluble Vitamin Status in Adults with

... This is a descriptive, pilot study that describes fat-soluble vitamin status and BMD in adults with CF pre- and post-LTX in a northern Canadian LTX program. A Significant finding is that the majority of patients had reduced BMD and suboptimal vitK status, despite healthcare practitioner recommendati ...
Chapter 1 – name - Nutrition Gardener
Chapter 1 – name - Nutrition Gardener

Lewis A. Barness, Peter R. Dallman, Homer Anderson, Platon Jack... Nichols, Jr, Claude Roy, W. Allan Walker and Calvin W.... Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Needs in Normal Children in the...
Lewis A. Barness, Peter R. Dallman, Homer Anderson, Platon Jack... Nichols, Jr, Claude Roy, W. Allan Walker and Calvin W.... Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Needs in Normal Children in the...

... Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Needs in Normal Children in the United States ...
DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH  &  HUMAN ...
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN ...

All Vitamin Handouts - Joyful Living Services
All Vitamin Handouts - Joyful Living Services

... Many mammals are able to produce it, but human beings are not, so a regular supply must be obtained in the diet. The North American Dietary Reference Intake recommends 90 mg. of vitamin C per day and no more than 2,000 mg. per day, but many people have taken far larger doses without harm. Being one ...
National fortification of staple foods can make a significant
National fortification of staple foods can make a significant

National fortification of staple foods can make a significant
National fortification of staple foods can make a significant

Nutri Lec 08 Vitamins - Modified
Nutri Lec 08 Vitamins - Modified

... Vitamins do not provide energy; they help to release the energy provided by nutrients. Heart disease, cancer and the common cold cannot be cured by vitamin ...
8 Nutrients Involved in Energy Metabolism
8 Nutrients Involved in Energy Metabolism

... c. The amount of food folate is expressed in dietary equivalents (DFE) that can be time consuming to calculate. d. Red blood cells are a good measure of folate levels over the past 3 months. 5. The RDA for adult men, and women aged 19 years and older, is 400 µg /day, with 600 µg /day recommended for ...
Metformin and Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Metformin and Vitamin B12 Deficiency

... Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally found in some foods or added to others. It is predominantly obtained from animal products, including fish, meat, dairy products, poultry, and eggs. It can also be found in fortified foods such as breakfast cereals. Vitamin B12 i ...
Chapter 2
Chapter 2

... health effects may your grandmother suffer as a result of this disease? ...
Information Sheet 17: For Men on Warfarin
Information Sheet 17: For Men on Warfarin

Lesson 10. Vitamins
Lesson 10. Vitamins

... itchy skin, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Signs of severe overuse over a short period of time include dizziness, blurred vision and slowed growth. Vitamin A toxicity also can cause severe birth defects and may increase the risk for hip fractures. ...
Facts for Feeding
Facts for Feeding

... months between stopping lactation and the next pregnancy. This will protect lactation, space births, and help build up vitamin A and other micronutrient stores. ...
Lemon (Lebu/nimbu) The humble lemon contains most of the
Lemon (Lebu/nimbu) The humble lemon contains most of the

... Juice; it will remove stains from the hands. Dr. Donald Law in his book 'Herbs for cooking and for healing' has said that there are over 20, varieties of lemon but the juice of all of them is most helpful as a remedy for purifying the blood, for rubbing into the scalp against falling hair. Lemon jui ...
BD™ Brucella Blood Agar with Hemin and Vitamin K1
BD™ Brucella Blood Agar with Hemin and Vitamin K1

... anaerobic jars supplied with an anaerobic atmosphere. It is recommended to use BD GasPak jars and BD GasPak H 2 /CO 2 envelopes together with a catalyst. Incubate for 2 to 3 days or longer, if necessary, at 35 to 37° C. Regardless of the anaerobic system used, it is important to include an indicator ...
Patients with unstable control have a poorer dietary
Patients with unstable control have a poorer dietary

... Dietary fat could also affect anticoagulation response to warfarin through its effect on vitamin K absorption. It is estimated that a meal containing over 35 grams of fat maximises vitamin K oral bioavailability (25). In both the cohorts mean daily fat intake far exceeded this value. Moreover, there ...
Antenatal Mother
Antenatal Mother

... “Life is always a rich and steady time when you are waiting for something to happen or to hatch”. (E.B White) Vitamins and Minerals help to regulate bodily functions without providing energy and are essential towards sound health .E.g. calcium forms the hard substance of bones and teeth. Vitamins of ...
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Vitamin K



Vitamin K refers to a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins the human body needs for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation, and also certain proteins that the body uses to control binding of calcium in bone and other tissues. The vitamin K-related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions, which they cannot do otherwise. Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs. Low levels of vitamin K also weaken bones and promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues.Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives. Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. Vitamin K2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms.Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, phytomenadione, or phytonadione, is synthesized by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis. It may be thought of as the ""plant"" form of vitamin K. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins. Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2.Vitamin K2, the main storage form in animals, has several subtypes, which differ in isoprenoid chain length. These vitamin K2 homologues are called menaquinones, and are characterized by the number of isoprenoid residues in their side chains. Menaquinones are abbreviated MK-n, where M stands for menaquinone, the K stands for vitamin K, and the n represents the number of isoprenoid side chain residues. For example, menaquinone-4 (abbreviated MK-4) has four isoprene residues in its side chain. Menaquinone-4 (also known as menatetrenone from its four isoprene residues) is the most common type of vitamin K2 in animal products since MK-4 is normally synthesized from vitamin K1 in certain animal tissues (arterial walls, pancreas, and testes) by replacement of the phytyl tail with an unsaturated geranylgeranyl tail containing four isoprene units, thus yielding menaquinone-4. This homolog of vitamin K2 may have enzyme functions distinct from those of vitamin K1.Bacteria in the colon (large intestine) can also convert K1 into vitamin K2. In addition, bacteria typically lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K2 to produce a range of vitamin K2 forms, most notably the MK-7 to MK-11 homologues of vitamin K2. All forms of K2 other than MK-4 can only be produced by bacteria, which use these forms in anaerobic respiration. The MK-7 and other bacterially derived forms of vitamin K2 exhibit vitamin K activity in animals, but MK-7's extra utility over MK-4, if any, is unclear and is a matter of investigation.Three synthetic types of vitamin K are known: vitamins K3, K4, and K5. Although the natural K1 and all K2 homologues and synthetic K4 and K5 have proven nontoxic, the synthetic form K3 (menadione) has shown toxicity.
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