Carbon cycle modelling and the residence time of natural
... equilibrium, this reservoir does not immediately control a sudden eruption of the gas such as has occurred this century. It will be hundreds or perhaps thousands of years before the sea absorbs its fair share." Callendar believed that nearly all the CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion has remaine ...
... equilibrium, this reservoir does not immediately control a sudden eruption of the gas such as has occurred this century. It will be hundreds or perhaps thousands of years before the sea absorbs its fair share." Callendar believed that nearly all the CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion has remaine ...
an article online about the origins of the algae
... identified as a nonnative invasive introduced to the Great Lakes from Eurasia; however, recent lake core data show that this species was present in nearby (less than 50 kilometers away) Lake Simcoe since at least the seventeenth century (Hawryshyn et al. 2012). The recent increase in abundance of t ...
... identified as a nonnative invasive introduced to the Great Lakes from Eurasia; however, recent lake core data show that this species was present in nearby (less than 50 kilometers away) Lake Simcoe since at least the seventeenth century (Hawryshyn et al. 2012). The recent increase in abundance of t ...
Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and
... solar radiation (direct effect, see Chapter 2). They also interact with clouds and the hydrological cycle by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei. For a given cloud liquid water content, a larger number of CCN increases cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the ...
... solar radiation (direct effect, see Chapter 2). They also interact with clouds and the hydrological cycle by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei. For a given cloud liquid water content, a larger number of CCN increases cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the ...
Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System
... solar radiation (direct effect, see Chapter 2). They also interact with clouds and the hydrological cycle by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei. For a given cloud liquid water content, a larger number of CCN increases cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the ...
... solar radiation (direct effect, see Chapter 2). They also interact with clouds and the hydrological cycle by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei. For a given cloud liquid water content, a larger number of CCN increases cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the ...
Future Emissions and Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide
... Release 1. This version was issued over internet through anonymous ftp from CSIRO, Aspendale. A limited ‘hard-copy’ distribution was undertaken from WG1 Technical Support Group, Bracknell, UK. Release 1 was issued solely for the purpose of aiding the review process for the IPCC special report on Rad ...
... Release 1. This version was issued over internet through anonymous ftp from CSIRO, Aspendale. A limited ‘hard-copy’ distribution was undertaken from WG1 Technical Support Group, Bracknell, UK. Release 1 was issued solely for the purpose of aiding the review process for the IPCC special report on Rad ...
Chapter 30: The Ocean
... confidence) [30.3.2.2, 30.5.2, 30.5.5, Box CC-UP, Box CC-PP]. Chlorophyll concentrations measured by satellites have decreased in the STG of the North Pacific, Indian and North Atlantic Oceans by 9%, 12% and 11%, respectively, over and above the inherent seasonal and interannual variability from 199 ...
... confidence) [30.3.2.2, 30.5.2, 30.5.5, Box CC-UP, Box CC-PP]. Chlorophyll concentrations measured by satellites have decreased in the STG of the North Pacific, Indian and North Atlantic Oceans by 9%, 12% and 11%, respectively, over and above the inherent seasonal and interannual variability from 199 ...
carbon plantations kit - Private Forests Tasmania
... are eaten. Photosynthetic organisms which die and become buried may, over millions of years, turn into fossil fuels such as coal or oil. When these fossil fuels are burnt, most of the stored carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Similarly, when trees and other plants are destroyed ...
... are eaten. Photosynthetic organisms which die and become buried may, over millions of years, turn into fossil fuels such as coal or oil. When these fossil fuels are burnt, most of the stored carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Similarly, when trees and other plants are destroyed ...
Soil Carbon Research Program - Department of Agriculture and
... the CCRP. Research projects are targeting current gaps around abatement technologies and practices identified through the CCRP, and will continue to support the development of offset methodologies that land managers can use to participate in the Carbon Farming Initiative. The following summaries hig ...
... the CCRP. Research projects are targeting current gaps around abatement technologies and practices identified through the CCRP, and will continue to support the development of offset methodologies that land managers can use to participate in the Carbon Farming Initiative. The following summaries hig ...
Can Carbon Sinks be Operational? An RFF Workshop Summary
... Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change also suggests that the potential of sinks to sequester carbon is substantial, often at a low cost. Land use and forestry projects require relatively unsophisticated technology, although they may require institutional and political change in som ...
... Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change also suggests that the potential of sinks to sequester carbon is substantial, often at a low cost. Land use and forestry projects require relatively unsophisticated technology, although they may require institutional and political change in som ...
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Climate is one of the essential and
... The Earth’s climate and atmospheric composition have regularly waxed and waned through the glacial-inter-glacial cycles. Ice core and other palaeo-records provide a fascinating window on the metabolism of the Earth over hundreds of thousands of years. Singh (2011) reported that the atmospheric carb ...
... The Earth’s climate and atmospheric composition have regularly waxed and waned through the glacial-inter-glacial cycles. Ice core and other palaeo-records provide a fascinating window on the metabolism of the Earth over hundreds of thousands of years. Singh (2011) reported that the atmospheric carb ...
Projected expansion of the subtropical biome and contraction of the
... and is composed of separate atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land models that interact through an online flux coupler (Delworth et al., 2006). The ocean model has a resolution of 18 in latitude and longitude north of 308N, whereas south of 308N the latitudinal resolution progressively becomes higher, ...
... and is composed of separate atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land models that interact through an online flux coupler (Delworth et al., 2006). The ocean model has a resolution of 18 in latitude and longitude north of 308N, whereas south of 308N the latitudinal resolution progressively becomes higher, ...
Centennial and Millennial climate- carbon cycle feedback analysis
... much less understood. Marine and land carbon uptake processes may be affected by the increased temperature or climate change (Dufresne et al., 2002). Several climate model studies have shown that this anthropogenic CO2 emission may have substantial effect on the climate system for coming centuries ( ...
... much less understood. Marine and land carbon uptake processes may be affected by the increased temperature or climate change (Dufresne et al., 2002). Several climate model studies have shown that this anthropogenic CO2 emission may have substantial effect on the climate system for coming centuries ( ...
Climate Change and the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary
... collapse of entire ecosystems is viewed as possible, or even likely. These projections are valuable in terms of describing the global implications of climate change and clarifying the role that anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases plays in large-scale ecosystem change. However, they are less u ...
... collapse of entire ecosystems is viewed as possible, or even likely. These projections are valuable in terms of describing the global implications of climate change and clarifying the role that anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases plays in large-scale ecosystem change. However, they are less u ...
A negative feedback between anthropogenic ozone pollution and
... to 0.89 nmol mol−1 d−1 in the present day. Figure 6 depicts the ozone loss rates by the different chemical families in the present-day scheme. As shown in Fig. 7, the ozonedriven increase in iodine emissions since PI times has resulted in a remarkable acceleration of ozone loss in the global MBL wit ...
... to 0.89 nmol mol−1 d−1 in the present day. Figure 6 depicts the ozone loss rates by the different chemical families in the present-day scheme. As shown in Fig. 7, the ozonedriven increase in iodine emissions since PI times has resulted in a remarkable acceleration of ozone loss in the global MBL wit ...
Impacts of Climate Related Geo-engineering on Biological
... change and its impacts. Geoengineering techniques include increasing the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface or atmosphere, and removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere; other approaches have also been proposed. This definition of geoengineering encompasses a wide spectrum of possible actions t ...
... change and its impacts. Geoengineering techniques include increasing the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface or atmosphere, and removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere; other approaches have also been proposed. This definition of geoengineering encompasses a wide spectrum of possible actions t ...
Ocean dynamics determine the response of oceanic CO2 uptake to
... 2000), which includes photosynthesis for C3 and C4 plants, depending on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Furthermore, stomatal conductance and heterotrophic respiration are included. Further details of JSBACH and the spin up of the simulations can be found in Raddatz et al. (2007). In our coupled mode ...
... 2000), which includes photosynthesis for C3 and C4 plants, depending on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Furthermore, stomatal conductance and heterotrophic respiration are included. Further details of JSBACH and the spin up of the simulations can be found in Raddatz et al. (2007). In our coupled mode ...
(2012) Blue Carbon Policy Framework 2.0
... The storage of carbon is the consequence of the capacity of those ecosystems to act as a net carbon sink over very long periods of time. If these ecosystems are degraded or damaged by human activities, their carbon sink capacity is lost and the resulting emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) contribute ...
... The storage of carbon is the consequence of the capacity of those ecosystems to act as a net carbon sink over very long periods of time. If these ecosystems are degraded or damaged by human activities, their carbon sink capacity is lost and the resulting emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) contribute ...
Observed and simulated full-depth ocean heat
... We compare our observation-based OHC ensemble with 24 CMIP5 model simulations (Table 1) of historical OHC changes. Climate models suffer from so-called “drift” (Sen Gupta et al., 2013; Hobbs et al., 2015), i.e., spurious longterm trends arising due to the slow model adjustment to the initial conditi ...
... We compare our observation-based OHC ensemble with 24 CMIP5 model simulations (Table 1) of historical OHC changes. Climate models suffer from so-called “drift” (Sen Gupta et al., 2013; Hobbs et al., 2015), i.e., spurious longterm trends arising due to the slow model adjustment to the initial conditi ...
North Northamptonshire Carbon Sink Forestry Feasibility Study
... project that addresses the global strategic issue of climate change, links to a number of other initiatives and can be delivered at sub-regional and local level. In addition to tackling a key element of climate change through carbon sequestration, it will provide tangible, multiple-benefits for land ...
... project that addresses the global strategic issue of climate change, links to a number of other initiatives and can be delivered at sub-regional and local level. In addition to tackling a key element of climate change through carbon sequestration, it will provide tangible, multiple-benefits for land ...
The effects of winter moth defoliation on forest growth and
... Northeastern terrestrial forests have been host to many different invasive species. One of these exotic pests, the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), is native to Europe, and was identified in Massachusetts around 2003, however, there is speculation that the winter moth has been present since the 19 ...
... Northeastern terrestrial forests have been host to many different invasive species. One of these exotic pests, the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), is native to Europe, and was identified in Massachusetts around 2003, however, there is speculation that the winter moth has been present since the 19 ...
arctic climate feedbacks: global implications
... by policymakers. Recent observations strongly suggest that climate change may soon push some systems past tipping points, with global implications. For example, the additional heat absorbed by an increasingly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer is already accelerating local and regional warming and prev ...
... by policymakers. Recent observations strongly suggest that climate change may soon push some systems past tipping points, with global implications. For example, the additional heat absorbed by an increasingly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer is already accelerating local and regional warming and prev ...
arctic climate feedbacks: global implications
... by policymakers. Recent observations strongly suggest that climate change may soon push some systems past tipping points, with global implications. For example, the additional heat absorbed by an increasingly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer is already accelerating local and regional warming and prev ...
... by policymakers. Recent observations strongly suggest that climate change may soon push some systems past tipping points, with global implications. For example, the additional heat absorbed by an increasingly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer is already accelerating local and regional warming and prev ...
Synergy of rising nitrogen depositions and atmospheric CO2 on land
... 2001] suggest net global carbon uptake of 2.4 PgC/yr in 1990s due to the CO2 fertilization effect alone. This study assumes that productivity of land ecosystems is not limited by nitrogen availability. Nitrogen is however reported to be a primary limiting nutrient throughout terrestrial ecosystems o ...
... 2001] suggest net global carbon uptake of 2.4 PgC/yr in 1990s due to the CO2 fertilization effect alone. This study assumes that productivity of land ecosystems is not limited by nitrogen availability. Nitrogen is however reported to be a primary limiting nutrient throughout terrestrial ecosystems o ...
Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon
... The coupling between the global carbon cycle and the rest of the climate system gives rise to a range of feedbacks to climate on multiple time scales. These feedbacks are expressed in the future by either amplifying or mitigating any change implied by a given fossil fuel and cement production emissi ...
... The coupling between the global carbon cycle and the rest of the climate system gives rise to a range of feedbacks to climate on multiple time scales. These feedbacks are expressed in the future by either amplifying or mitigating any change implied by a given fossil fuel and cement production emissi ...
Dynamics of soil organic and inorganic carbon in the
... to 1078 mg kg−1. There was a small variation in the mean soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents with depth, i.e., 88–93 mg kg−1 and 26–32 mg kg−1, respectively. The spatial distributions of soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ stocks over 0–100 cm in the sampling area were shown in Fig. 2. There were large variations in b ...
... to 1078 mg kg−1. There was a small variation in the mean soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents with depth, i.e., 88–93 mg kg−1 and 26–32 mg kg−1, respectively. The spatial distributions of soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ stocks over 0–100 cm in the sampling area were shown in Fig. 2. There were large variations in b ...
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron to the upper ocean to stimulate a phytoplankton bloom. This is intended to enhance biological productivity, which can benefit the marine food chain and is under investigation in hopes of increasing carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Iron is a trace element necessary for photosynthesis in all plants. It is highly insoluble in sea water and is often the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth. Large algal blooms can be created by supplying iron to iron-deficient ocean waters.A number of ocean labs, scientists and businesses are exploring fertilization as a means to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep ocean, and to increase marine biological productivity which is likely in decline as a result of climate change. Since 1993, thirteen international research teams have completed ocean trials demonstrating that phytoplankton blooms can be stimulated by iron addition. However, controversy remains over the effectiveness of atmospheric CO2 sequestration and ecological effects. The most recent open ocean trials of ocean iron fertilization were in 2009 (January to March) in the South Atlantic by project Lohafex, and in July 2012 in the North Pacific off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, by the Haida Salmon Restoration Corporation (HSRC).Fertilization also occurs naturally when upwellings bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, as occurs when ocean currents meet an ocean bank or a sea mount. This form of fertilization produces the world's largest marine habitats. Fertilization can also occur when weather carries wind blown dust long distances over the ocean, or iron-rich minerals are carried into the ocean by glaciers, rivers and icebergs.