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Forests and climate change in Latin America : linking
Forests and climate change in Latin America : linking

... projects can also have negative impacts on mitigation. For instance, infrastructure-based adaptation projects in coastal areas (such as dikes and dams) can adversely affect coastal ecosystems and reduce their capacity to store carbon. Integrating explicit mitigation objectives into an adaptation pro ...
Revisiting the urban - Durham Research Online
Revisiting the urban - Durham Research Online

... programmatic approach to climate change in the city, many witnessed a growing gap between the rhetoric of a need for an urgent response and the realities of governing climate change on the ground. The emergence of a second phase of urban response to climate change came, in part, from the challenges ...
Project Document for CEO Approval
Project Document for CEO Approval

... 26. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory is based on 1993 data, as it had more data than any other year and uses the 1996 Revised Guidelines (IPCC. OECD.IEA, 1997). Meanwhile, not all emission categories of the Guidelines are reported on, due to lack of data, or to the non-existence of the activity in ...
Earth, Climate, and Change: Observing Human Impact
Earth, Climate, and Change: Observing Human Impact

... or depicted as an uncertainty. However, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (see References and Further Reading), climate change is not controversial: 97 percent of climate scientists are certain that human-caused climate change is occurring. Climate research is cont ...
Mapping of Climate Change Threats and Human Development
Mapping of Climate Change Threats and Human Development

... multiplier, aggravating water scarcity. Water scarcity on the other hand threatens food security by reducing agricultural productivity, as well as hindering human health and economic development; water scarcity can also lead to additional environmental stress, as well as increase tensions within and ...
9 Towards global agreemenT Key points
9 Towards global agreemenT Key points

... a greater or lesser abatement effort than expected. The resulting efficiency costs are thought to be lower under a price-based instrument for stock pollutants such as greenhouse gases, so getting the price wrong under a tax imposes smaller welfare losses than getting the quantity wrong under a quant ...
Stakeholder perceptions
Stakeholder perceptions

... Respondents were requested to indicate the current level of support they received for climate change actions and to specify what assistance they required to implement climate change actions. Finally, respondents were asked to provide views on the usefulness of climate change guidelines for forest ma ...
Why models run hot: results from an irreducibly simple climate
Why models run hot: results from an irreducibly simple climate

... temperature anomaly datasets [9, 10], is 0.34 °C, equivalent to 1.4 °C century-1—half the central estimate in FAR and beneath the lower bound of the then-projected warming interval (Fig. 1). Global temperature would have to rise over the coming decade at a rate almost twice as high as the greatest s ...
City of Urbana CAP phase IFinal
City of Urbana CAP phase IFinal

... action  is  taken  to  reduce  emissions.  The  projected  figure  is  significantly  higher  than  the   2007  baseline  because  as  the  population  of  the  city  grows,  so  does  energy  consumption,   both  in  the  residential   ...
Report of the Smith College Study Group on Climate Change
Report of the Smith College Study Group on Climate Change

... the climate, the threats are significant, and our collective actions to reduce climate pollution, address ongoing effects and prepare for future ones fall well short of what is needed.2,3,4 How did climate change become one of modern society’s most pressing issues, and what are the risks? The Interg ...
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON

... Whereas the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system; Whereas the Kyoto Prot ...
Why models run hot: results from an irreducibly simple climate
Why models run hot: results from an irreducibly simple climate

... temperature anomaly datasets [9, 10], is 0.34 °C, equivalent to 1.4 °C century-1—half the central estimate in FAR and beneath the lower bound of the then-projected warming interval (Fig. 1). Global temperature would have to rise over the coming decade at a rate almost twice as high as the greatest s ...
Climate change regional review: Russia
Climate change regional review: Russia

... an important and interesting case. Although an Annex 1 nation, it witnessed a rapid fall in its emissions as its economy collapsed in the early 1990s. Despite such rapid reductions, Russia remains among the five highest emitting nations, with, since the 2008 ...
Long-Term Ecological Records and Their Relevance to Climate
Long-Term Ecological Records and Their Relevance to Climate

... classified under three possible scenarios: extirpation, migration (in the form of a permanent range shift), or adaptation (Aitken et al. 2008). To date, key research efforts have focused on the first two scenarios, mainly through the assessment of biotic responses to climate change via development of ...
ontario`s climate change
ontario`s climate change

... Understanding Climate Change Climate change is defined as any significant change in long-term weather patterns. It can apply to any major variation in temperature, wind patterns or precipitation that occurs over time. Global warming describes the recent rise in the average global temperature. Since ...
Climate change and coastal ecosystem in India: Issues in perspectives
Climate change and coastal ecosystem in India: Issues in perspectives

... Urban systems drastically affect the flow of water and energy near the coast, it is found that one-third of coastal mangrove forests and one-fifth of coral reefs have already been lost. In many parts of the world, coastal fish population has declined considerably. Especially major harbours of Asian ...
Climate change regional review: Russia
Climate change regional review: Russia

... more than a tenth of the global land area, with nearly two thirds of the country underlain by methane-rich permafrost; consequently the impacts of temperature increases on its territory are likely to have global repercussions. The global nature of climate change implies that climate-related policies ...
PBL rapport 500114012 Meeting the 2 degrees Celsius target
PBL rapport 500114012 Meeting the 2 degrees Celsius target

... In the long run, greenhouse gas concentration levels of 400 to 450 ppm CO2 eq, or less, are needed to keep a reasonable chance of staying below the 2 °C target. A 450 ppm CO2 eq level corresponds to about 20 to 70% probability of staying below this target, a 400 ppm CO2 eq level corresponds to a pro ...
ILEAPS presentation
ILEAPS presentation

... • Locally strong soil moisture-To coupling in present climate (Mediterranean; ≠GLACE) • Shift of region of strong soil moisture-To coupling from the Mediterranean to most of Central and Eastern Europe in future climate (Seneviratne et al. 2006, Nature) ...
Global Climate Change and Biodiversity
Global Climate Change and Biodiversity

... tundra. Second, southern latitudes will become increasingly sensitive to drought stress, which is likely to be an important impact on tropical forests (in addition to anthropogenic exploitation). The modelling of actual vegetation change, taking into account land use changes and other human manageme ...
Climate Change and Poverty in Mozambique
Climate Change and Poverty in Mozambique

... years and perhaps the last millennium. The hottest 22 years on record have occurred since 1980, and 2005 was the hottest of all. The nearly universal consensus amongst scientists is that this warming trend has been triggered by the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses by human acti ...
Dangerous human-made interference with climate
Dangerous human-made interference with climate

... Introduction ...
published
published

... Although climate change is occurring at a global scale, related impacts are experienced locally. Downscaled global circulation models that project changes in future climate conditions at local and regional scales sharpen the focus on climate change-related impacts to human systems (IPCC Fifth Assess ...
Ontario`s Climate Change Strategy
Ontario`s Climate Change Strategy

... Understanding Climate Change Climate change is defined as any significant change in long-term weather patterns. It can apply to any major variation in temperature, wind patterns or precipitation that occurs over time. Global warming describes the recent rise in the average global temperature. Since ...
Policy Brief Series - IOM Online Bookstore
Policy Brief Series - IOM Online Bookstore

... mobility articulated by the least developed countries. While AOSIS and the G-77 had previously not officially considered the proposal, the latter is now spearheading a drive for its reinclusion in Paris negotiations. Many countries, including Mauritius, have much to gain if the international communi ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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