Sensitivity of thermohaline circulation to decadal
... freshwater inputs with a variability of 10 and 70 years were simulated around Greenland. The length of the model run was 800 years, using initial conditions that were generated with a 1200-year spin-up run, during which no stochastic forcing was applied. The intensity of the freshwater input varied ...
... freshwater inputs with a variability of 10 and 70 years were simulated around Greenland. The length of the model run was 800 years, using initial conditions that were generated with a 1200-year spin-up run, during which no stochastic forcing was applied. The intensity of the freshwater input varied ...
PDF
... evolution of ecosystems, are actually chosen. These actions can be regarded as control variables, and the way in which they are chosen a¤ects the evolution of quantities describing the state of the coevolving coupled ecosystem and economic system. The state of the coupled system depends on the evol ...
... evolution of ecosystems, are actually chosen. These actions can be regarded as control variables, and the way in which they are chosen a¤ects the evolution of quantities describing the state of the coevolving coupled ecosystem and economic system. The state of the coupled system depends on the evol ...
Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS)/ Climate and Cryosphere
... IGOS-P Cryosphere – Jeff Key and OPP WCRP COPES – how does CliC contribute? Interactions with other groups – carbon, water, weather ICSI – Commission on the Cryospheric Sciences CliC/IGS/ICSI Symposium on Cryo as Indicator of Climate Change ...
... IGOS-P Cryosphere – Jeff Key and OPP WCRP COPES – how does CliC contribute? Interactions with other groups – carbon, water, weather ICSI – Commission on the Cryospheric Sciences CliC/IGS/ICSI Symposium on Cryo as Indicator of Climate Change ...
Work Home Department of Geography, Planning, and Environment
... Jamaican agriculture: Local knowledge and the climate record. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100, 880-893. 14. Allen, T.L., S. Curtis, and D.W. Gamble, 2010: The Mid-summer Dry Spell’s impact on vegetation in Jamaica. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 1590-1595. ...
... Jamaican agriculture: Local knowledge and the climate record. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100, 880-893. 14. Allen, T.L., S. Curtis, and D.W. Gamble, 2010: The Mid-summer Dry Spell’s impact on vegetation in Jamaica. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 1590-1595. ...
Assessing the potential impacts of climate change on food
... thresholds, extreme precipitation events, or temperature limits. Despite the lack of scientific data, it is not likely that climate change will directly influence listeriosis incidence, though it could result in more cases through indirect pathways. The association between climatic determinants and ...
... thresholds, extreme precipitation events, or temperature limits. Despite the lack of scientific data, it is not likely that climate change will directly influence listeriosis incidence, though it could result in more cases through indirect pathways. The association between climatic determinants and ...
Attributing regional trends of evapotranspiration and gross primary
... change; for example, Qian et al. (2007) showed that an increase in ET in the Mississippi River basin followed precipitation propensity, while the effects of solar radiation and air temperature changes were minor. Terrestrial eco-hydrological processes are driven by climate and modulated by human act ...
... change; for example, Qian et al. (2007) showed that an increase in ET in the Mississippi River basin followed precipitation propensity, while the effects of solar radiation and air temperature changes were minor. Terrestrial eco-hydrological processes are driven by climate and modulated by human act ...
Saimaa University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Technology, Imatra
... are responsible for the climate change and prove that? The third chapter introduces climate forcing, natural and man-made induced climate change: What is natural variability and what is anthropogenic human induced climate change? Chapter four contains detailed description of emissions from forest in ...
... are responsible for the climate change and prove that? The third chapter introduces climate forcing, natural and man-made induced climate change: What is natural variability and what is anthropogenic human induced climate change? Chapter four contains detailed description of emissions from forest in ...
Earth System interactions
... generation of Earth System Models (ESM) for climate prediction that: (i) are reliable; (ii) encompass the key climate processes pertaining to the Nordic and Arctic regions; (iii) include an improved description of processes that are presently considered to be highly uncertain; (iv) are computational ...
... generation of Earth System Models (ESM) for climate prediction that: (i) are reliable; (ii) encompass the key climate processes pertaining to the Nordic and Arctic regions; (iii) include an improved description of processes that are presently considered to be highly uncertain; (iv) are computational ...
FINAL: How to identify adaptation ... smallholder farmers in coffee and tea sector
... Climate refers to “average weather” and represents the state of the climate system over a given time period. Climate changes over time may be due to natural variability or as a result of human induced increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and is reflected in the variation of the mean state ...
... Climate refers to “average weather” and represents the state of the climate system over a given time period. Climate changes over time may be due to natural variability or as a result of human induced increases of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and is reflected in the variation of the mean state ...
PDF
... projects is already shifting to deliver a more coherent, focused and ambitious approach to economic development. We are helping to build strong and investable business environments in developing countries and improving access to finance for entrepreneurs. Improving the prospects for girls and women ...
... projects is already shifting to deliver a more coherent, focused and ambitious approach to economic development. We are helping to build strong and investable business environments in developing countries and improving access to finance for entrepreneurs. Improving the prospects for girls and women ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION IN CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS
... – we are in a world of ‘uncertainty’ rather than ‘risk’ in the words of Knight (1921). How then should we make policy decisions in such an informational environment? We will argue that the standard von Neumann-Morgenstern Expected Utility framework for decision making under uncertainty is of limite ...
... – we are in a world of ‘uncertainty’ rather than ‘risk’ in the words of Knight (1921). How then should we make policy decisions in such an informational environment? We will argue that the standard von Neumann-Morgenstern Expected Utility framework for decision making under uncertainty is of limite ...
Chapter One - Brookings Institution
... without perfect information. They have not known how fast their community would grow, how much economic growth or contraction would occur in their area, or how much rain would fall in a given year. And they have always had to hedge their bets to protect public health and ensure a reliable water supp ...
... without perfect information. They have not known how fast their community would grow, how much economic growth or contraction would occur in their area, or how much rain would fall in a given year. And they have always had to hedge their bets to protect public health and ensure a reliable water supp ...
Climate Change and Public Health 101
... climate change will be seen in 25 years • Do not believe personal actions or the actions of a single nation will make any difference ...
... climate change will be seen in 25 years • Do not believe personal actions or the actions of a single nation will make any difference ...
Climate Change and Public Health 101
... climate change will be seen in 25 years • Do not believe personal actions or the actions of a single nation will make any difference ...
... climate change will be seen in 25 years • Do not believe personal actions or the actions of a single nation will make any difference ...
Yearly and Seasonal Ground Temperature Variations
... The loss of permafrost around the world’s tundra regions is often referred to as an indicator of climate change, due to the fact that it is maintained by climates that have prevailed over hundreds, to thousands of years (Pewe, 1975) The park contains several permafrost zones where the ground is mor ...
... The loss of permafrost around the world’s tundra regions is often referred to as an indicator of climate change, due to the fact that it is maintained by climates that have prevailed over hundreds, to thousands of years (Pewe, 1975) The park contains several permafrost zones where the ground is mor ...
LCCARL265_en.pdf
... activities would accumulate in the atmosphere, causing a warming of the earth´s surface by the greenhouse effect (Arrhenius, 1886). Since then, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (together with methane and nitrous oxide) have increased and their current concentrations far exceed pre-industrial values ...
... activities would accumulate in the atmosphere, causing a warming of the earth´s surface by the greenhouse effect (Arrhenius, 1886). Since then, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (together with methane and nitrous oxide) have increased and their current concentrations far exceed pre-industrial values ...
[LSE COPY]
... Though the externality argument is Pigouvian, this ‘cap and trade’ argument for carbon trading is not. The typical Pigouvian forms of intervention - public ownership or very direct regulation, taxation, and payments of bounties – are closely associated with command and control. But almost every work ...
... Though the externality argument is Pigouvian, this ‘cap and trade’ argument for carbon trading is not. The typical Pigouvian forms of intervention - public ownership or very direct regulation, taxation, and payments of bounties – are closely associated with command and control. But almost every work ...
Assessing climate risk to improve farm business management
... is a method that will help to survey and assess climate risk in order to reduce uncertainty and improve farm business management. Climate uncertainty and risk in agriculture Although climate variability affects all the factors influencing farm income, it is the impact on yield (production risk) that ...
... is a method that will help to survey and assess climate risk in order to reduce uncertainty and improve farm business management. Climate uncertainty and risk in agriculture Although climate variability affects all the factors influencing farm income, it is the impact on yield (production risk) that ...
CIRCE Stakeholder guidance document
... Interactions between scientists and stakeholders should not be envisaged as a simple linear process involving a mere unidirectional exchange of information. The activity is much more complex, involving a two-way process shaped by a communication network that exists at multiple levels and scales (Kas ...
... Interactions between scientists and stakeholders should not be envisaged as a simple linear process involving a mere unidirectional exchange of information. The activity is much more complex, involving a two-way process shaped by a communication network that exists at multiple levels and scales (Kas ...
Chapter 12 - Graduate Institute of International and Development
... domestic ratification by signatory countries. Because the Montreal Protocol and its revisions lead to frequent changes in the time frames for phasing out ODS and for encompassing new substances over time, some parties fear “obligation overload.” Therefore, the European Union suggested at the COP in ...
... domestic ratification by signatory countries. Because the Montreal Protocol and its revisions lead to frequent changes in the time frames for phasing out ODS and for encompassing new substances over time, some parties fear “obligation overload.” Therefore, the European Union suggested at the COP in ...
The EU and Strategies for New Climate Treaty Negotiations
... • Outside the UN framework, are there any legal options for mitigating climate change under national or international laws and, if so, would the national legislations, private contracts and environmental contracts serve as alternatives to a treaty? Drawing insights from international law and relati ...
... • Outside the UN framework, are there any legal options for mitigating climate change under national or international laws and, if so, would the national legislations, private contracts and environmental contracts serve as alternatives to a treaty? Drawing insights from international law and relati ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.