Climate: Observations, projections and impacts
... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
follow the energy! earth`s dynamic climate system
... 11. Local climatic data, including records of observed temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind, are examples of [(dynamically)(empirically)] derived information. 12. The determination of actual climate change, also from the AMS Glossary, (“any systematic change in the long-term statistics of ...
... 11. Local climatic data, including records of observed temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind, are examples of [(dynamically)(empirically)] derived information. 12. The determination of actual climate change, also from the AMS Glossary, (“any systematic change in the long-term statistics of ...
Hamilton Community Climate Change Action Plan
... Climate change is a real issue that is affecting communities around the world, including right here in Hamilton. Climate change is the altering of long‐term patterns of weather. We have seen this through changes in temperature, precipitation, wind and other indicators that have alr ...
... Climate change is a real issue that is affecting communities around the world, including right here in Hamilton. Climate change is the altering of long‐term patterns of weather. We have seen this through changes in temperature, precipitation, wind and other indicators that have alr ...
- Center for Large Landscape Conservation
... greenway, a mountain range, strips of riparian vegetation), and they represent one way of facilitating connectivity. There is likely to be connectivity value to many terrestrial and aquatic areas, although at any given moment some areas will have higher connectivity values than others. Connectivity ...
... greenway, a mountain range, strips of riparian vegetation), and they represent one way of facilitating connectivity. There is likely to be connectivity value to many terrestrial and aquatic areas, although at any given moment some areas will have higher connectivity values than others. Connectivity ...
Transient Earth system responses to cumulative
... these links with CO2 emissions by using probabilistic, observation-constrained approaches or multi-model ensembles. This enables one to establish a budget for the amount of allowable carbon emissions if a given climate target or a set of targets is to be met with a given probability. Such budgets in ...
... these links with CO2 emissions by using probabilistic, observation-constrained approaches or multi-model ensembles. This enables one to establish a budget for the amount of allowable carbon emissions if a given climate target or a set of targets is to be met with a given probability. Such budgets in ...
Managing Physical Impacts of Climate Change: An Attentional
... much effort to do so (Kahneman, 1973; Ocasio, 1997). What is key to Ocasio’s view on attention is that he not only refers to attention in terms of whether stimuli are being noticed, but also how stimuli are being interpreted, because “interpretation of stimuli greatly influences how much attention ...
... much effort to do so (Kahneman, 1973; Ocasio, 1997). What is key to Ocasio’s view on attention is that he not only refers to attention in terms of whether stimuli are being noticed, but also how stimuli are being interpreted, because “interpretation of stimuli greatly influences how much attention ...
Earth`s Energy Imbalance and Implications
... In other words, climate sensitivity is the eventual global temperature change per unit forcing. Climate sensitivity depends upon climate feedbacks, the many physical processes that come into play as climate changes in response to a forcing. Positive (amplifying) feedbacks increase the climate respon ...
... In other words, climate sensitivity is the eventual global temperature change per unit forcing. Climate sensitivity depends upon climate feedbacks, the many physical processes that come into play as climate changes in response to a forcing. Positive (amplifying) feedbacks increase the climate respon ...
Climate Change Indicators in the United States
... readers with more information appear at the end of the report (see Climate Change Resources on p. 69). Although some of the indicators show that fundamental environmental changes are now occurring likely as a result of climate change, others are not as clear. As new or more complete data become avai ...
... readers with more information appear at the end of the report (see Climate Change Resources on p. 69). Although some of the indicators show that fundamental environmental changes are now occurring likely as a result of climate change, others are not as clear. As new or more complete data become avai ...
A Climate of Change - Redefining Progress
... development of new clean technologies is increased many times over when these technologies are exported to rapidly growing developing nations. On the other, policies that limit emissions from the production of pollution-intensive goods (like steel and cement) can be undercut if domestic production i ...
... development of new clean technologies is increased many times over when these technologies are exported to rapidly growing developing nations. On the other, policies that limit emissions from the production of pollution-intensive goods (like steel and cement) can be undercut if domestic production i ...
A brief description of models used in this staff working document
... The model distinguishes between eight categories of government revenues, including indirect taxes, environmental taxes, direct taxes, value added taxes, production subsidies, social security contributions, import duties, and foreign transfers. The model evaluates the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO ...
... The model distinguishes between eight categories of government revenues, including indirect taxes, environmental taxes, direct taxes, value added taxes, production subsidies, social security contributions, import duties, and foreign transfers. The model evaluates the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO ...
a PDF file of this report - The Messengers
... predators and competitors. In many cases, these effects have driven population declines. AS TEMPERATURES RISE, THREATS TO PEOPLE AND NATURE WILL INCREASE As warming continues, negative impacts on bird and human populations will multiply and intensify. While some species may benefit from rising tempe ...
... predators and competitors. In many cases, these effects have driven population declines. AS TEMPERATURES RISE, THREATS TO PEOPLE AND NATURE WILL INCREASE As warming continues, negative impacts on bird and human populations will multiply and intensify. While some species may benefit from rising tempe ...
1 Alpine Treeline of Western North America - UNC
... the imagination of a broad sector of the public, because many people greatly value highelevation locations. People see in the wind-flagged, contorted trees the epic struggle of nature against the elements. There is a very real cultural identity associated with the geology, plants, and animals that c ...
... the imagination of a broad sector of the public, because many people greatly value highelevation locations. People see in the wind-flagged, contorted trees the epic struggle of nature against the elements. There is a very real cultural identity associated with the geology, plants, and animals that c ...
From: Pielke Sr., RA, G. Marland, RA Betts, TN Chase, JL Eastman
... agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require summing asymmetric uncertainty estimates from the compone ...
... agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require summing asymmetric uncertainty estimates from the compone ...
Climate policy under sustainable discounted utilitarianism
... that the trade-off between wellbeing in the first two periods be separable from the remainder of the stream. Regarding (i), there is a large literature, starting with Diamond (1965), which has established a conflict between imposing equity conditions (like equal treatment and “Hammond Equity for the ...
... that the trade-off between wellbeing in the first two periods be separable from the remainder of the stream. Regarding (i), there is a large literature, starting with Diamond (1965), which has established a conflict between imposing equity conditions (like equal treatment and “Hammond Equity for the ...
Hybrid statistical–dynamic seasonal streamflow forecasting method
... atmospheric and oceanographic physics: information about current conditions (e.g., sea-surface temperature) is used to initialise the model, and the model estimates the future climate several months or years ahead. Global climate models are more complex and difficult to run but can potentially provi ...
... atmospheric and oceanographic physics: information about current conditions (e.g., sea-surface temperature) is used to initialise the model, and the model estimates the future climate several months or years ahead. Global climate models are more complex and difficult to run but can potentially provi ...
Simulated and Observed Preindustrial to Modern
... ing the high northern latitude greening trend of the 1980s–1990s using the offline Lund–Potsdam–Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) driven by observed climate data. Numerous studies have simulated future changes in vegetation and climate caused by the expected continuing rise in CO2. K ...
... ing the high northern latitude greening trend of the 1980s–1990s using the offline Lund–Potsdam–Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) driven by observed climate data. Numerous studies have simulated future changes in vegetation and climate caused by the expected continuing rise in CO2. K ...
Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report
... Land use productivity will determine whether the world can feed a population projected to grow to over eight billion by 2030, while sustaining natural environments. Food production can be increased, forests protected and land use emissions cut by raising crop and livestock productivity, using new te ...
... Land use productivity will determine whether the world can feed a population projected to grow to over eight billion by 2030, while sustaining natural environments. Food production can be increased, forests protected and land use emissions cut by raising crop and livestock productivity, using new te ...
C - Morey Publishing
... altogether. Tellingly, the United States still releases more greenhouse gases than any other nation except for China, Russia, India, and the European Union. Doing nothing in the face of the growing evidence of global warming is not an option. In December, the world’s climate negotiators spent two we ...
... altogether. Tellingly, the United States still releases more greenhouse gases than any other nation except for China, Russia, India, and the European Union. Doing nothing in the face of the growing evidence of global warming is not an option. In December, the world’s climate negotiators spent two we ...
Response of hydrological processes to land
... hypothesis H0 (there is no steep change) is accepted if Z1˛/2 Zc Z1˛/2 . Description of the watershed model Hydrological modelling, especially distributed hydrological modelling, is used to simulate hydrological processes in watersheds. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of ...
... hypothesis H0 (there is no steep change) is accepted if Z1˛/2 Zc Z1˛/2 . Description of the watershed model Hydrological modelling, especially distributed hydrological modelling, is used to simulate hydrological processes in watersheds. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of ...
Particulate air pollution from wildfires in the Western US under
... the A1B scenario (Meehl and Stocker 2007), which projects moderate growth of greenhouse gas emissions, representing a relatively conservative estimate of future warming due to increased greenhouse gases with balanced reliance on fossil and non-fossil fuels (Intergovernmental Panel ...
... the A1B scenario (Meehl and Stocker 2007), which projects moderate growth of greenhouse gas emissions, representing a relatively conservative estimate of future warming due to increased greenhouse gases with balanced reliance on fossil and non-fossil fuels (Intergovernmental Panel ...
PDF
... Greenstone, 2007; Guiteras, 2009). While these analyses account for efficient adjustments to growing season weather within a particular year, they do not allow for more substantial changes in input or output mix that could be rational under different climate conditions. Finally, other studies look ...
... Greenstone, 2007; Guiteras, 2009). While these analyses account for efficient adjustments to growing season weather within a particular year, they do not allow for more substantial changes in input or output mix that could be rational under different climate conditions. Finally, other studies look ...
Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth
... and Junu Shrestha (Biodiversity Team, ENV) with substantial material on adaptation in LAC from Walter Vergara, and contributions from Marjory‐Anne Bromhead, Christophe Crepin, Karsten Ferrugiel and Gayatri Kanungo (AFR); Emilia Battaglini, Maurizio Guadagni and Karin Shepardson (ECA); Joe Leitman ...
... and Junu Shrestha (Biodiversity Team, ENV) with substantial material on adaptation in LAC from Walter Vergara, and contributions from Marjory‐Anne Bromhead, Christophe Crepin, Karsten Ferrugiel and Gayatri Kanungo (AFR); Emilia Battaglini, Maurizio Guadagni and Karin Shepardson (ECA); Joe Leitman ...
i4332e03
... impacts that are either unavailable or are subject to uncertainty (Refsgaard et al., 2013). Many actions have an influence on the impact of climate change without being adaptation projects per se (e.g. enhanced building norms). Also many “adaptation projects” have consequences beyond a reduction in ...
... impacts that are either unavailable or are subject to uncertainty (Refsgaard et al., 2013). Many actions have an influence on the impact of climate change without being adaptation projects per se (e.g. enhanced building norms). Also many “adaptation projects” have consequences beyond a reduction in ...
The Impact of CO2 Emissions on Agricultural Productivity and
... economy-wide impacts of climate change due to general equilibrium feedback effects and interdependence among various sectors (Carri 2008; Gebreegziabher et al. 2011). As a result, recently there has been increasing use of CGE models in economy-wide climate change impact analysis. These studies have ...
... economy-wide impacts of climate change due to general equilibrium feedback effects and interdependence among various sectors (Carri 2008; Gebreegziabher et al. 2011). As a result, recently there has been increasing use of CGE models in economy-wide climate change impact analysis. These studies have ...
Working Paper 170 - Doda 2014 (opens in new window)
... with a carbon cycle and a climate system. These bene ts can be interpreted as a lower bound for the direct and indirect costs which would make geoengineering less preferable to abatement. In the planner's solution to the model, exogenous geoengineering in the future increases investment in physical ...
... with a carbon cycle and a climate system. These bene ts can be interpreted as a lower bound for the direct and indirect costs which would make geoengineering less preferable to abatement. In the planner's solution to the model, exogenous geoengineering in the future increases investment in physical ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.