health, climate and economic risks of the carmichael coalmine
... The Carmichael mine will be Australia’s largest coalmine with a potential lifetime of up to 60 years. Australia has very large coal deposits, but for Australia to play its role in tackling climate change, over 90% of Australia’s existing thermal coal reserves must be left in the ground unburned and ...
... The Carmichael mine will be Australia’s largest coalmine with a potential lifetime of up to 60 years. Australia has very large coal deposits, but for Australia to play its role in tackling climate change, over 90% of Australia’s existing thermal coal reserves must be left in the ground unburned and ...
Greenhouse gas emissions and the role of the Kyoto Protocol
... intensity and manufacture ratio have positive impacts on CO2 emissions. Commitment is our main interest and is significantly negative, suggesting that the emission limitation or reduction obligations of the Kyoto Protocol have reducing effects on CO2 emissions. In columns (4), (5) and (6), urbanizatio ...
... intensity and manufacture ratio have positive impacts on CO2 emissions. Commitment is our main interest and is significantly negative, suggesting that the emission limitation or reduction obligations of the Kyoto Protocol have reducing effects on CO2 emissions. In columns (4), (5) and (6), urbanizatio ...
Growth of climate change commitments from HFC banks and
... G. J. M. Velders et al.: Growth of climate change commitments from HFC banks and emissions 2050 is fully saturated; i.e., the demand up to 2100 is kept constant at the 2050 level (see also Xu et al., 2013). Annual emissions are calculated as a constant fraction of the bank. These fractions (emissio ...
... G. J. M. Velders et al.: Growth of climate change commitments from HFC banks and emissions 2050 is fully saturated; i.e., the demand up to 2100 is kept constant at the 2050 level (see also Xu et al., 2013). Annual emissions are calculated as a constant fraction of the bank. These fractions (emissio ...
costs and benefits of climate change adaptation and mitigation
... more resilient to climate change. The benefits of mitigation consist of the avoided damage due to less climate change, while the benefits of adaptation consist of avoided damage by adjusting to climate change. All costs and benefits were set against those under a scenario without mitigation and adap ...
... more resilient to climate change. The benefits of mitigation consist of the avoided damage due to less climate change, while the benefits of adaptation consist of avoided damage by adjusting to climate change. All costs and benefits were set against those under a scenario without mitigation and adap ...
Climate Change Predicted Impacts on Juneau
... of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has varied between 150 and 300 parts per million (ppm) throughout at least the last 1,000,000 of the earth’s history. In the past 200 years, however, the burning of fossil fuels has increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations higher than any levels in th ...
... of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has varied between 150 and 300 parts per million (ppm) throughout at least the last 1,000,000 of the earth’s history. In the past 200 years, however, the burning of fossil fuels has increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations higher than any levels in th ...
A Brewing Storm: The climate change risks to
... warm by a further 2.6°C to 4.8°C in a likely scenario.6 This may sound like small changes but the consequences for global agriculture and development will be far-reaching, complex, and dire.7 Between 80 and 90% of the world’s 25 million coffee farmers are smallholders—they are among the people most ...
... warm by a further 2.6°C to 4.8°C in a likely scenario.6 This may sound like small changes but the consequences for global agriculture and development will be far-reaching, complex, and dire.7 Between 80 and 90% of the world’s 25 million coffee farmers are smallholders—they are among the people most ...
DETAILED PROJECT REPORT Sustainable agriculture
... floods is expected to increase significantly in the NER. Projections of the (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3)are quite similar to those of other Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models which provide some confidence in our projections for the northeast India. However, it is cau ...
... floods is expected to increase significantly in the NER. Projections of the (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3)are quite similar to those of other Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models which provide some confidence in our projections for the northeast India. However, it is cau ...
Black Carbon Mitigation and the Role of the
... about a 4°C temperature rise by the end of this century. All parties to the UNFCCC and many scientific groups, as well as leaders of the G-7 countries1, have therefore called for a limit on the temperature increase to 2°C. This will require a rapid transition away from a global energy system based o ...
... about a 4°C temperature rise by the end of this century. All parties to the UNFCCC and many scientific groups, as well as leaders of the G-7 countries1, have therefore called for a limit on the temperature increase to 2°C. This will require a rapid transition away from a global energy system based o ...
Chapter 4: Food Production
... directly on seasonal weather for heat, light and water. Locations for particular crops will also change. 2) Pollinators would face shorter, less harsh winters but may be affected by increased pest and disease activity, different food sources and changes in the timing of flowering. 3) Animal producti ...
... directly on seasonal weather for heat, light and water. Locations for particular crops will also change. 2) Pollinators would face shorter, less harsh winters but may be affected by increased pest and disease activity, different food sources and changes in the timing of flowering. 3) Animal producti ...
A Profile of the Greenhouse Industry in British Columbia and Clues
... provide this background and information for comparative reasons so that one can view the industry within the Canadian economy more generally and the larger greenhouse industry in Canada. The greenhouse industry offers an excellent case to ascertain how or if agribusiness aims to mitigate the threat ...
... provide this background and information for comparative reasons so that one can view the industry within the Canadian economy more generally and the larger greenhouse industry in Canada. The greenhouse industry offers an excellent case to ascertain how or if agribusiness aims to mitigate the threat ...
Australia - Met Office
... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
A Brewing Storm - The Climate Institute
... render much Mexican coffee unviable by the 2020s,24 and most of Nicaragua will lose majority of its coffee zone by 2050,25 and Tanzanian Arabica yields are projected to reach critically low levels by 2060.26 According to a 2015 global study, hotter weather and changes in rainfall patterns are projec ...
... render much Mexican coffee unviable by the 2020s,24 and most of Nicaragua will lose majority of its coffee zone by 2050,25 and Tanzanian Arabica yields are projected to reach critically low levels by 2060.26 According to a 2015 global study, hotter weather and changes in rainfall patterns are projec ...
Dissipating the fuzziness around interdisciplinarity: The
... change around three working groups that study different aspects of the same object: (i) its scientific dimensions, (ii) its impact on the social, economic and environmental spheres, and (iii) the development of adaptation and mitigation policies. Between the IPCC working groups and for multidisciplin ...
... change around three working groups that study different aspects of the same object: (i) its scientific dimensions, (ii) its impact on the social, economic and environmental spheres, and (iii) the development of adaptation and mitigation policies. Between the IPCC working groups and for multidisciplin ...
Faculty of Science and Agriculture Dissertation submitted in partial
... are vulnerable to drought by using an improvised remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based mapping approach. The research methodology was comprised of 1) assessment of vulnerability levels and 2) the calculation of established drought assessment indices comprising the Normalized D ...
... are vulnerable to drought by using an improvised remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based mapping approach. The research methodology was comprised of 1) assessment of vulnerability levels and 2) the calculation of established drought assessment indices comprising the Normalized D ...
Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible
... combustion (Klonecki et al., 2003; Stohl, 2006). Long-term, ground-based measurements of sulfate and light scattering by aerosols show that, since the late 1970s, the highest recorded levels of Arctic Haze occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s (Quinn et al., 2007). Levels then decreased through the ...
... combustion (Klonecki et al., 2003; Stohl, 2006). Long-term, ground-based measurements of sulfate and light scattering by aerosols show that, since the late 1970s, the highest recorded levels of Arctic Haze occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s (Quinn et al., 2007). Levels then decreased through the ...
Climate challenge – the safety`s off
... two-degree target, we have to start reducing emissions drastically right now and continue for the next few decades. There will then be more room for manoeuvre later on. The EU’s goal of allowing the Earth’s average temperature to increase by a maximum of two degrees will be possible to achieve by a ...
... two-degree target, we have to start reducing emissions drastically right now and continue for the next few decades. There will then be more room for manoeuvre later on. The EU’s goal of allowing the Earth’s average temperature to increase by a maximum of two degrees will be possible to achieve by a ...
Mesozoic Climates. - Return to Home Page
... climatic variability. Changes in climate can be defined by the differences between average conditions at two separate times. Climate may vary in different ways and over different time scales. Variations may be periodic (and hence predictable), quasi-periodic or non-periodic (Hare, 1979). This guide ...
... climatic variability. Changes in climate can be defined by the differences between average conditions at two separate times. Climate may vary in different ways and over different time scales. Variations may be periodic (and hence predictable), quasi-periodic or non-periodic (Hare, 1979). This guide ...
PARCC Project Training Manual 2014 Protected Areas Resilient to Climate Change,
... observations and process understanding, regional range due to model-dependent variability in patterns ...
... observations and process understanding, regional range due to model-dependent variability in patterns ...
Report
... Change (UNFCCC), called the Conference of Parties (COP), met in Copenhagen where 114 nations signed the Copenhagen Accord. The Accord acknowledges the need for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies ...
... Change (UNFCCC), called the Conference of Parties (COP), met in Copenhagen where 114 nations signed the Copenhagen Accord. The Accord acknowledges the need for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies ...
On the persistent spread in snow-albedo feedback
... To constrain Das =DT s in the CMIP3 models (and hence their SAF, since this is the term in which the feedback spread is concentrated), Hall and Qu (2006) examined seasonal variations of NH continental surface albedo associated with the springtime warming. Their premise is that SAF would behave sim ...
... To constrain Das =DT s in the CMIP3 models (and hence their SAF, since this is the term in which the feedback spread is concentrated), Hall and Qu (2006) examined seasonal variations of NH continental surface albedo associated with the springtime warming. Their premise is that SAF would behave sim ...
PARCC Project Training Manual Module 2. Climate data
... observations and process understanding, regional range due to model-dependent variability in patterns ...
... observations and process understanding, regional range due to model-dependent variability in patterns ...
Climate Change and Food Systems
... heat waves, frequency of heavy precipitation events and associated floods, intensity of tropical cyclone events, and incidence of extremely high sea levels owing to storm surges. Longer dry spells in some areas, and the area affected by drought each year, are likely to increase. Other types of extrem ...
... heat waves, frequency of heavy precipitation events and associated floods, intensity of tropical cyclone events, and incidence of extremely high sea levels owing to storm surges. Longer dry spells in some areas, and the area affected by drought each year, are likely to increase. Other types of extrem ...
Invited Commentary A simple framework for evaluating regional
... Step 3. Select appropriate climate model and variables The next step is to assess the climate models that are available to give predictions in the study area and to specify which variables are available as output from these models. Many models are available; these may be global or regional, may prov ...
... Step 3. Select appropriate climate model and variables The next step is to assess the climate models that are available to give predictions in the study area and to specify which variables are available as output from these models. Many models are available; these may be global or regional, may prov ...
Death by Degrees: North Carolina
... throughout the state over the past fifty years.13 More heat brings more cases of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. In addition, heat can cause death and tends to exacerbate the death rate from other medical conditions. The elderly, infirm, children, and infants will likely suffer the mo ...
... throughout the state over the past fifty years.13 More heat brings more cases of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. In addition, heat can cause death and tends to exacerbate the death rate from other medical conditions. The elderly, infirm, children, and infants will likely suffer the mo ...
Radiative forcing of gases, aerosols and, clouds.
... The latest results from ERBE indicate that in the global mean, clouds reduce the radiative heating of the planet. This cooling is a function of season and ranges from approximately -13 to -21 Wm-2. While these values may seem small, they should be compared with the 4 Wm-2 heating predicted by a d ...
... The latest results from ERBE indicate that in the global mean, clouds reduce the radiative heating of the planet. This cooling is a function of season and ranges from approximately -13 to -21 Wm-2. While these values may seem small, they should be compared with the 4 Wm-2 heating predicted by a d ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.