UNDERSTANDING EL NIÑO IN OCEAN–ATMOSPHERE GENERAL
... thermocline feedback, that is, the effect of thermoFIG . 4. SST std dev (°C) for 100 yr of monthly data for models in Fig. 3b. cline depth variations on Observations are taken from HadISST1.1 (1900–99). The location of the Niño SST (van Oldenborgh et al. regions discussed in the text is also shown. ...
... thermocline feedback, that is, the effect of thermoFIG . 4. SST std dev (°C) for 100 yr of monthly data for models in Fig. 3b. cline depth variations on Observations are taken from HadISST1.1 (1900–99). The location of the Niño SST (van Oldenborgh et al. regions discussed in the text is also shown. ...
achieving a climate for health
... opportunity to align stakeholders who value health, the environment, and communities into a more powerful force for social change. Philanthropy can turn the climate challenge into a catalyst for collaboration that enables transformational shifts toward climate resilience and healthier conditions for ...
... opportunity to align stakeholders who value health, the environment, and communities into a more powerful force for social change. Philanthropy can turn the climate challenge into a catalyst for collaboration that enables transformational shifts toward climate resilience and healthier conditions for ...
Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an
... complexity of one or more climate model component. Often EMICs are used at lower resolution, and model components may have reduced dimensionality. While generally simpler, EMICs sometimes include more subcomponent models than Earth system AOGCMs. New subcomponents (for example, continental ice sheet ...
... complexity of one or more climate model component. Often EMICs are used at lower resolution, and model components may have reduced dimensionality. While generally simpler, EMICs sometimes include more subcomponent models than Earth system AOGCMs. New subcomponents (for example, continental ice sheet ...
Evaluation, characterization, and communication of uncertainty by
... adequately inform decision-makers about the full range of potential risk—particularly those decision-makers who worry about how to adapt and/or how to mainstream climate risk into their other decisions. This means characterizing and reporting the extreme tails of distributions, even in the many case ...
... adequately inform decision-makers about the full range of potential risk—particularly those decision-makers who worry about how to adapt and/or how to mainstream climate risk into their other decisions. This means characterizing and reporting the extreme tails of distributions, even in the many case ...
Including land use, land-use change, and forestry in future climate
... approaches could be accommodated within the current KP, thereby offering some of the advantages envisioned for sectoral approaches in general. However, other sectoral approaches may not be compatible with the current system. In particular, sectoral approaches in which Annex I country and/or developi ...
... approaches could be accommodated within the current KP, thereby offering some of the advantages envisioned for sectoral approaches in general. However, other sectoral approaches may not be compatible with the current system. In particular, sectoral approaches in which Annex I country and/or developi ...
Robust Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water Sector in
... under the range of likely future conditions. It is flexible ...
... under the range of likely future conditions. It is flexible ...
What do the Appendices to the Copenhagen Accord tell us about global greenhouse gas emissions and the prospects for avoiding a rise in global average temperature of more than 2°C? (436 kB) (opens in new window)
... reasonable chance of avoiding a temperature rise of more than 2˚C, but it would make it significantly more difficult and costly. The recent economic slowdown should make emissions targets less difficult to meet, but should mean that bigger cuts are achieved. Given that annual global emissions are cu ...
... reasonable chance of avoiding a temperature rise of more than 2˚C, but it would make it significantly more difficult and costly. The recent economic slowdown should make emissions targets less difficult to meet, but should mean that bigger cuts are achieved. Given that annual global emissions are cu ...
Historical and idealized climate model experiments
... complexity of one or more climate model component. Often EMICs are used at lower resolution, and model components may have reduced dimensionality. While generally simpler, EMICs sometimes include more subcomponent models than Earth system AOGCMs. New subcomponents (for example, continental ice sheet ...
... complexity of one or more climate model component. Often EMICs are used at lower resolution, and model components may have reduced dimensionality. While generally simpler, EMICs sometimes include more subcomponent models than Earth system AOGCMs. New subcomponents (for example, continental ice sheet ...
Lecture 3 FINAL DRAFT
... including how to ‘mainstream’ climate change considerations within municipal decision making. Section B examines the “Getting Started” activities, or Step 1, in CIP’s framework. These are the methods for building public and official support for climate protection plans and measures. Section C presen ...
... including how to ‘mainstream’ climate change considerations within municipal decision making. Section B examines the “Getting Started” activities, or Step 1, in CIP’s framework. These are the methods for building public and official support for climate protection plans and measures. Section C presen ...
WORKING GROUP III CONTRIBUTION TO THE IPCC FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT (AR5)
... Chapter 2 will provide a discussion of the methods used for integrated risk and uncertainty assessments of climate change response policies. Although this issue is a cross-cutting method across working groups (see section 3.1), the basic concept should be laid out in the respective WG contributions ...
... Chapter 2 will provide a discussion of the methods used for integrated risk and uncertainty assessments of climate change response policies. Although this issue is a cross-cutting method across working groups (see section 3.1), the basic concept should be laid out in the respective WG contributions ...
Management strategies for tree improvement programs under
... (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in Alberta, Canada. We compared the tree height for populations and families planted across 37 progeny and provenance trials when transferred among six physiogeographically and climatically distinct breeding regions. Based on these results we infer how lodgepole populations a ...
... (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in Alberta, Canada. We compared the tree height for populations and families planted across 37 progeny and provenance trials when transferred among six physiogeographically and climatically distinct breeding regions. Based on these results we infer how lodgepole populations a ...
Carbon-climate coupling in the Northern High Latitudes
... thus rendering about 100 PgC SOC vulnerable to decay (Davidson et al., 2006). To date, however, such processes involving SOC exchanges are poorly understood and the amount of potential carbon release is highly uncertain (Melillo et al., 2002; Bond-Lamberty et al., 2004; Eliasson et al., 2005; Lawre ...
... thus rendering about 100 PgC SOC vulnerable to decay (Davidson et al., 2006). To date, however, such processes involving SOC exchanges are poorly understood and the amount of potential carbon release is highly uncertain (Melillo et al., 2002; Bond-Lamberty et al., 2004; Eliasson et al., 2005; Lawre ...
Accountable Climate Governance: Dilemmas of Performance Management across Complex Governance Networks
... assess these accountability and performance management issues in the context of post-Kyoto international climate policy design and address a specific question: How can accountability be institutionalized across governance networks that are dealing with the transboundary pollution problem of mitigatin ...
... assess these accountability and performance management issues in the context of post-Kyoto international climate policy design and address a specific question: How can accountability be institutionalized across governance networks that are dealing with the transboundary pollution problem of mitigatin ...
Impact of Freshwater Release in the North Atlantic under Different
... toward the surface ocean, which limits sea ice formation). Process (ii) is more regional, but it affects the surface radiative budget (through the high albedo of the sea ice), and therefore also the large-scale surface climate. These two processes are not independent from each other and are both rel ...
... toward the surface ocean, which limits sea ice formation). Process (ii) is more regional, but it affects the surface radiative budget (through the high albedo of the sea ice), and therefore also the large-scale surface climate. These two processes are not independent from each other and are both rel ...
Public pressure versus lobbying – how do Environmental NGOs matter most in climate negotiations? - Working Paper 70 (472 kB) (opens in new window)
... face many challenges including incompatible political positions, economic development considerations, debates on climate justice and historic responsibilities as well as a negotiation deadlock based on institutional veto points.2 Nongovernmental actors gained considerable influence in national and i ...
... face many challenges including incompatible political positions, economic development considerations, debates on climate justice and historic responsibilities as well as a negotiation deadlock based on institutional veto points.2 Nongovernmental actors gained considerable influence in national and i ...
Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives
... the impacts from extreme events. The report was the product of a multi-national and multi-disciplinary authorship from Working Groups I and II of the IPCC, assisted by a large pool of academic and government experts involved in the multi-stage review process. A very wide range of information, opinio ...
... the impacts from extreme events. The report was the product of a multi-national and multi-disciplinary authorship from Working Groups I and II of the IPCC, assisted by a large pool of academic and government experts involved in the multi-stage review process. A very wide range of information, opinio ...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE LIMITED
... Barbados is at great risk from the economic impact of climate change on its international transportation sector, which brings nearly all of its visitors (mainly tourists) from the main markets in North America and Western Europe and moves virtually all of its merchandise trade. The total cost of cli ...
... Barbados is at great risk from the economic impact of climate change on its international transportation sector, which brings nearly all of its visitors (mainly tourists) from the main markets in North America and Western Europe and moves virtually all of its merchandise trade. The total cost of cli ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES LIFE David Albouy
... and where people live, but also helps to inform policy responses to climate change. Global climate change threatens to alter local climates, most obviously by raising temperatures. A priori, the welfare impacts of higher temperatures are ambiguous: households may suffer from hotter summers but benef ...
... and where people live, but also helps to inform policy responses to climate change. Global climate change threatens to alter local climates, most obviously by raising temperatures. A priori, the welfare impacts of higher temperatures are ambiguous: households may suffer from hotter summers but benef ...
Project Document - Deliverable Description
... Protocol (KP) in 2002. The country submitted its Initial National Communication in November 2000 and the Second National Communication in March 2011. The National Climate Change Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister, is the top policy body on climate change of Thailand. The Office of Natural Reso ...
... Protocol (KP) in 2002. The country submitted its Initial National Communication in November 2000 and the Second National Communication in March 2011. The National Climate Change Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister, is the top policy body on climate change of Thailand. The Office of Natural Reso ...
Climate change vulnerability of the US northeast winter recreation
... winter of 2001-02 (which was a temperature analogue for normal winter conditions in the 20402069 under a higher emission scenario), was compared with the winter of 2004-05 (which is the closest winter that is climatically representative of the 1971-2000 average), total skier visits were 7 to 11% low ...
... winter of 2001-02 (which was a temperature analogue for normal winter conditions in the 20402069 under a higher emission scenario), was compared with the winter of 2004-05 (which is the closest winter that is climatically representative of the 1971-2000 average), total skier visits were 7 to 11% low ...
Learning about climate changethe Pacific way
... Introduction Rationale Many educational resources available on climate change focus on its causes and its mitigation by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. There are very few educational resources that address adaptation measures that are specific to Pacific islands. The focus of this resou ...
... Introduction Rationale Many educational resources available on climate change focus on its causes and its mitigation by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. There are very few educational resources that address adaptation measures that are specific to Pacific islands. The focus of this resou ...
Central Mekong Delta Region Connectivity Project
... damage to the national road transport infrastructure from predicted changes in temperature, precipitation, and flooding ranging between $4 billion and $9 billion over the period 2010–2050. Given its low altitude, the Mekong Delta is particularly exposed to climate change especially as it pertains to ...
... damage to the national road transport infrastructure from predicted changes in temperature, precipitation, and flooding ranging between $4 billion and $9 billion over the period 2010–2050. Given its low altitude, the Mekong Delta is particularly exposed to climate change especially as it pertains to ...
Environment and Development Challenges
... million women in developing countries still have unmet needs for family planning, and increased investment in reproductive health care and family planning programmes along with education programmes will be critical. Although the desire and the need are increasing, it is estimated that funding global ...
... million women in developing countries still have unmet needs for family planning, and increased investment in reproductive health care and family planning programmes along with education programmes will be critical. Although the desire and the need are increasing, it is estimated that funding global ...
Tokyo - IETA
... Excess credits: 22 When a covered facility reduces emissions by more than its compliance obligation, it can apply for credit issuance within a given period after the emissions are determined. In this instance, the facility can sell its excess credits amounting up to one-half of its base year emissio ...
... Excess credits: 22 When a covered facility reduces emissions by more than its compliance obligation, it can apply for credit issuance within a given period after the emissions are determined. In this instance, the facility can sell its excess credits amounting up to one-half of its base year emissio ...
India - Met Office
... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
... available to the researchers in the project was used, unless there were good scientific reasons for not doing so. For example, some impacts areas were omitted, such as many of those associated with human health. In this case, these impacts are strongly dependant on local factors and do not easily le ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.