geoengineering: ocean iron fertilisation and the
... irradiance and causes both the atmosphere and the Earth to warm. ...
... irradiance and causes both the atmosphere and the Earth to warm. ...
Adapting to Climate Change: Challenges for
... from private wells and cisterns. Several of these areas are already under moderate or significant groundwater stress. As climate change progresses, drier summers and more frequent droughts will reduce groundwater recharge. More precipitation will come in intense rainfall, which causes water to run o ...
... from private wells and cisterns. Several of these areas are already under moderate or significant groundwater stress. As climate change progresses, drier summers and more frequent droughts will reduce groundwater recharge. More precipitation will come in intense rainfall, which causes water to run o ...
Assessing Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation:
... Global warming, causing climate change, is becoming a serious issue of concern due to its potential adverse effects on human and natural systems. At the global scale, the average temperature of the earth surface is reported to have increased by 0.8°C over the period 1880-2012 with the great deal of ...
... Global warming, causing climate change, is becoming a serious issue of concern due to its potential adverse effects on human and natural systems. At the global scale, the average temperature of the earth surface is reported to have increased by 0.8°C over the period 1880-2012 with the great deal of ...
A regional climate change decision framework for natural resource
... The authors wish to thank the many people within the Adelaide-Mount Lofty region and the natural resources management community more specifically, who assisted them during the development of the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management (AMLR NRM) climate change project. This proj ...
... The authors wish to thank the many people within the Adelaide-Mount Lofty region and the natural resources management community more specifically, who assisted them during the development of the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management (AMLR NRM) climate change project. This proj ...
Impact of Climate Change on North Cascade Alpine Glaciers, and
... 20N for the 1900-93 period) (Mantua et al. 1997). During the positive PDO phase warm weather is The North Cascade region has a temperate marifavored in the Pacific along the northwest coast and time climate. Approximately 80% of the region’s over the Pacific Northwest. During the negative precipitat ...
... 20N for the 1900-93 period) (Mantua et al. 1997). During the positive PDO phase warm weather is The North Cascade region has a temperate marifavored in the Pacific along the northwest coast and time climate. Approximately 80% of the region’s over the Pacific Northwest. During the negative precipitat ...
A Technological Solution for Climate Change? Storage
... Political debate surrounding climate change is increasingly widespread. The need for reductions of CO2 in order to limit temperature rise to within 2°C (UNFCCC, 2009) is proclaimed within scientific and political circles (IPCC, 2007, 2011; Stern, 2007) and debate is no longer focused on acceptance o ...
... Political debate surrounding climate change is increasingly widespread. The need for reductions of CO2 in order to limit temperature rise to within 2°C (UNFCCC, 2009) is proclaimed within scientific and political circles (IPCC, 2007, 2011; Stern, 2007) and debate is no longer focused on acceptance o ...
Auditing the Government Response to Climate Change: Guidance
... evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. The IPCC also states that it is very likely that global warming is caused by human activity. Climate change is already happening and represent ...
... evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. The IPCC also states that it is very likely that global warming is caused by human activity. Climate change is already happening and represent ...
Climate change adaptation strategies for Australian birds
... birdwatchers of Australia to the distributional databases on which this report is based. Without their outstanding effort we would not be able to prepare for climate change or understand the processes that underlie bird distributions. We have benefited from the combined knowledge of a great many peo ...
... birdwatchers of Australia to the distributional databases on which this report is based. Without their outstanding effort we would not be able to prepare for climate change or understand the processes that underlie bird distributions. We have benefited from the combined knowledge of a great many peo ...
Florida on the Coast of Climate Change: Responding to
... particular outcome or result: virtually certain > 99% probability of occurrence, very likely > 90%, likely > 66%, more likely than not > 50%, unlikely < 33%, very unlikely <10%, extremely unlikely <5%. Id. at 3 n.6. 3 Id. at 5 ("The observed widespread warming of the atmosphere and ocean, together w ...
... particular outcome or result: virtually certain > 99% probability of occurrence, very likely > 90%, likely > 66%, more likely than not > 50%, unlikely < 33%, very unlikely <10%, extremely unlikely <5%. Id. at 3 n.6. 3 Id. at 5 ("The observed widespread warming of the atmosphere and ocean, together w ...
Climate Change Impacts on the Mediterranean Coastal Zones
... about change in ozone concentration is available for the Southern hemisphere) [IPCC, 1996a] 13 . On the contrary, stratospheric ozone layer depletion due to the indirect effect of chlorine and bromine halocarbons is associated with negative radiative forcing. The concentration of stratospheric ozone ...
... about change in ozone concentration is available for the Southern hemisphere) [IPCC, 1996a] 13 . On the contrary, stratospheric ozone layer depletion due to the indirect effect of chlorine and bromine halocarbons is associated with negative radiative forcing. The concentration of stratospheric ozone ...
Primary Student-Teachers` Conceptual Understanding of the
... change has huge social, environmental and economic consequences. Nowadays we are beginning to see some of the consequences of climate warming such as changes in weather patterns and the melting of the polar ice (IPCC, 2007). It seems evident that humans need to research and implement both global and ...
... change has huge social, environmental and economic consequences. Nowadays we are beginning to see some of the consequences of climate warming such as changes in weather patterns and the melting of the polar ice (IPCC, 2007). It seems evident that humans need to research and implement both global and ...
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research The Met. Office
... by the 2080s are predicted to have increased by about 3 °C above today’s (taken as the average over the period 1961–90). A global average temperature rise of 2 °C, which would occur by the 2050s with unmitigated emissions, will be delayed by about 50 years under 750 ppm stabilisation and by over 100 ...
... by the 2080s are predicted to have increased by about 3 °C above today’s (taken as the average over the period 1961–90). A global average temperature rise of 2 °C, which would occur by the 2050s with unmitigated emissions, will be delayed by about 50 years under 750 ppm stabilisation and by over 100 ...
Climate Change and Re-Insurance: The Human Security Issue
... 1 Introduction Climate change, its existence, causes and effects, has been disputed by researchers, academics and policy makers. The given degree of international consensus varies greatly between those most affected by changes to climatic conditions in contrast to those who are estimated to only ex ...
... 1 Introduction Climate change, its existence, causes and effects, has been disputed by researchers, academics and policy makers. The given degree of international consensus varies greatly between those most affected by changes to climatic conditions in contrast to those who are estimated to only ex ...
Geoengineering: Governance and Technology Policy
... many are concerned that climate change may be severe and rapid with potentially catastrophic consequences for humans and the functioning of ecosystems.2 The National Academies maintains that the climate change challenge is unlikely to be solved with any single strategy or by the people of any single ...
... many are concerned that climate change may be severe and rapid with potentially catastrophic consequences for humans and the functioning of ecosystems.2 The National Academies maintains that the climate change challenge is unlikely to be solved with any single strategy or by the people of any single ...
CPF - AWG/LCA - Strategic framework for forests and climate change (February 2009)
... and account for almost half its terrestrial carbon pool. Deforestation, forest degradation and other changes in forests contribute an estimated 17.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. According to FAO estimates, the total forest area continues to decrease but the rate of net loss is slowing. In th ...
... and account for almost half its terrestrial carbon pool. Deforestation, forest degradation and other changes in forests contribute an estimated 17.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. According to FAO estimates, the total forest area continues to decrease but the rate of net loss is slowing. In th ...
Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture
... and extreme weather events – is affecting the abundance and distribution of fisheries resources and suitability of geographical locations for aquaculture systems. Underlying climate-related physical and chemical changes are linked to yet growing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are being absorb ...
... and extreme weather events – is affecting the abundance and distribution of fisheries resources and suitability of geographical locations for aquaculture systems. Underlying climate-related physical and chemical changes are linked to yet growing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are being absorb ...
assam state action plan on climate change
... threat to humanity and has implications for sustainable development. Our climate is already changing. Along with continued warming of the atmosphere, erratic rainfall pattern are emerging and as result new patterns of droughts and floods are being observed, which are likely to get more frequent and ...
... threat to humanity and has implications for sustainable development. Our climate is already changing. Along with continued warming of the atmosphere, erratic rainfall pattern are emerging and as result new patterns of droughts and floods are being observed, which are likely to get more frequent and ...
League of Conservation Voters 2013
... climate change and advancing clean energy solutions. These actions, along with the EPA’s Clean Power Plan, mean that the U.S. is poised to make meaningful progress to confront the climate crisis. Other major administrative progress includes the Clean Water Rule to restore pollution protections to th ...
... climate change and advancing clean energy solutions. These actions, along with the EPA’s Clean Power Plan, mean that the U.S. is poised to make meaningful progress to confront the climate crisis. Other major administrative progress includes the Clean Water Rule to restore pollution protections to th ...
A Briefing for Councillors
... the area. The vast majority of investments managed by local councils take the form of workers’ pension funds under stewardship, though councils will also have bank accounts and cash reserves. Through these pension funds, local governments invest workers’ money in fossil fuels. These investments are ...
... the area. The vast majority of investments managed by local councils take the form of workers’ pension funds under stewardship, though councils will also have bank accounts and cash reserves. Through these pension funds, local governments invest workers’ money in fossil fuels. These investments are ...
Ecosystem Processes and Human Influences
... divided by precipitation (P), where AET = P – Q, and Q = streamflow) as a function of the dryness index, which is potential evapotranspiration (PET) divided by P. PET is calculated from T (temperature), so it is a measure of energy balance, whereas AET is the difference between inputs (P) and output ...
... divided by precipitation (P), where AET = P – Q, and Q = streamflow) as a function of the dryness index, which is potential evapotranspiration (PET) divided by P. PET is calculated from T (temperature), so it is a measure of energy balance, whereas AET is the difference between inputs (P) and output ...
National Climate Response Strategy
... Kenya takes no action to reduce or minimise expected impacts of current and future climate change, the costs of potential damage to the economy could be enormous. A recent study has estimated that the direct costs of climate change damage in Kenya will potentially amount to between one and two billi ...
... Kenya takes no action to reduce or minimise expected impacts of current and future climate change, the costs of potential damage to the economy could be enormous. A recent study has estimated that the direct costs of climate change damage in Kenya will potentially amount to between one and two billi ...
Ecosystem Processes and Human Influences Regulate Streamflow Response to Climate Change at
... divided by precipitation (P), where AET = P – Q, and Q = streamflow) as a function of the dryness index, which is potential evapotranspiration (PET) divided by P. PET is calculated from T (temperature), so it is a measure of energy balance, whereas AET is the difference between inputs (P) and output ...
... divided by precipitation (P), where AET = P – Q, and Q = streamflow) as a function of the dryness index, which is potential evapotranspiration (PET) divided by P. PET is calculated from T (temperature), so it is a measure of energy balance, whereas AET is the difference between inputs (P) and output ...
Evaluation of CMIP5 continental precipitation simulations relative to
... several observational estimates. They also noted that the ensemble mean model precipitation was generally closer to the observations than that of any individual CMIP3 model. Several studies focused on the common errors and/or frequency and intensity of CMIP3 daily precipitation simulations [e.g., Da ...
... several observational estimates. They also noted that the ensemble mean model precipitation was generally closer to the observations than that of any individual CMIP3 model. Several studies focused on the common errors and/or frequency and intensity of CMIP3 daily precipitation simulations [e.g., Da ...
Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks
... season; and direct anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation. The direct effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) on vegetation physiology could lead to a relative reduction in evapotranspiration over the tropical continents, with associated regional warming over that predicted for conventional g ...
... season; and direct anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation. The direct effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) on vegetation physiology could lead to a relative reduction in evapotranspiration over the tropical continents, with associated regional warming over that predicted for conventional g ...
City of Tshwane Vulnerability Assessment to Climate Change
... Table 6. The present-day climate of Tshwane: Seasonal and annual averages for minimum, maximum and mean daily temperatures (°C) over Tshwane. These averages were calculated over the period 1961-1990, using the gridded station data of the CRUTS3.1 data set. ........................................... ...
... Table 6. The present-day climate of Tshwane: Seasonal and annual averages for minimum, maximum and mean daily temperatures (°C) over Tshwane. These averages were calculated over the period 1961-1990, using the gridded station data of the CRUTS3.1 data set. ........................................... ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.