INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE
... input. However, a challenge remains on how to carry out the model-data synthesis. Prof. Briffa commented that PAGES should learn some lessons from its first phase. For years it had called for collaboration to reconstruct paleo forcings for climate change study. The same statements were still repeate ...
... input. However, a challenge remains on how to carry out the model-data synthesis. Prof. Briffa commented that PAGES should learn some lessons from its first phase. For years it had called for collaboration to reconstruct paleo forcings for climate change study. The same statements were still repeate ...
Vegetation and Biogeochemical Scenarios (Chapter 2) from the
... This chapter is designed to report the results of the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project II (VEMAP II);a project that has provided data about terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change to Assessment participants. The chapter is not meant to be a comprehensive,in-depth analysis ...
... This chapter is designed to report the results of the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project II (VEMAP II);a project that has provided data about terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change to Assessment participants. The chapter is not meant to be a comprehensive,in-depth analysis ...
C
... understanding of climate and climate change and to support the activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, climate models are not perfect. Our theoretical understanding of climate is still incomplete, and certain simplifying assumptions are unavoidable when building ...
... understanding of climate and climate change and to support the activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, climate models are not perfect. Our theoretical understanding of climate is still incomplete, and certain simplifying assumptions are unavoidable when building ...
E Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific /ESCAP/CDR(2)/INF/7
... of whom are living in poor countries. There is compelling evidence that global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cause climate change and that most ...
... of whom are living in poor countries. There is compelling evidence that global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cause climate change and that most ...
A Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for the Kickapoo Tribe
... Any local vulnerability assessment necessarily incorporates a lot of uncertainty because climate change projections become less reliable at smaller scales. What we do know, however, is that the climate is changing, mostly due to human activity, and will contin ...
... Any local vulnerability assessment necessarily incorporates a lot of uncertainty because climate change projections become less reliable at smaller scales. What we do know, however, is that the climate is changing, mostly due to human activity, and will contin ...
The Changing Himalayas
... Based on regional climate models, it is predicted that the temperatures in the Indian sub-continent will rise between 3.5 and 5.5 ˚C by 2100, and on the Tibetan Plateau by 2.5 ˚C by 2050 and 5 ˚C by 2100 (Rupa Kumar et al., 2006). However, because of the extreme topography and complex reactions to t ...
... Based on regional climate models, it is predicted that the temperatures in the Indian sub-continent will rise between 3.5 and 5.5 ˚C by 2100, and on the Tibetan Plateau by 2.5 ˚C by 2050 and 5 ˚C by 2100 (Rupa Kumar et al., 2006). However, because of the extreme topography and complex reactions to t ...
Climate Change: Potential Effects on Human Health in New Zealand
... capture factors that influence climate at the scale of individual countries, such as topography. The assessment of the effects of climate change in New Zealand has been facilitated by the development of the CLIMPACTS model. This model uses local climate data, greenhouse gas emission scenarios, a ran ...
... capture factors that influence climate at the scale of individual countries, such as topography. The assessment of the effects of climate change in New Zealand has been facilitated by the development of the CLIMPACTS model. This model uses local climate data, greenhouse gas emission scenarios, a ran ...
Hansen1998-ClimateForcings-in-the-IndustrialEra.p+
... between 21 and 21.5 Wym2 (33). If the aerosol forcing is only a few tenths of 21 Wym2, as estimated above, this implies a cloud forcing of approximately 21 Wym2. This method of obtaining the cloud forcing is a good approach because the radiative mechanisms causing cloud forcing and diurnal damping, ...
... between 21 and 21.5 Wym2 (33). If the aerosol forcing is only a few tenths of 21 Wym2, as estimated above, this implies a cloud forcing of approximately 21 Wym2. This method of obtaining the cloud forcing is a good approach because the radiative mechanisms causing cloud forcing and diurnal damping, ...
Climate counseling – new governance in Swedish agriculture
... characterized by knowledge exchange and voluntarism, the dissemination of text and predominantly talk is central. Subsequently, we understand AE as a discursive activity (Hardy et al., 2000) albeit recognizing that there are non-discursive dimensions, e.g., contextual economic factors, use of techni ...
... characterized by knowledge exchange and voluntarism, the dissemination of text and predominantly talk is central. Subsequently, we understand AE as a discursive activity (Hardy et al., 2000) albeit recognizing that there are non-discursive dimensions, e.g., contextual economic factors, use of techni ...
Building a Climate-Resilient City
... the 2060s, which implies that heat waves will become a significant health hazard in the future.24 Cities may need to make strategic investments to increase the capacity of vulnerable citizens, such as the sick, the elderly and low-income families, to manage heat events. This could include ensuring t ...
... the 2060s, which implies that heat waves will become a significant health hazard in the future.24 Cities may need to make strategic investments to increase the capacity of vulnerable citizens, such as the sick, the elderly and low-income families, to manage heat events. This could include ensuring t ...
beyond reaction
... and frost. (Shepherd et al., 2013) Disasters are the results of natural or man-made events, and can be unexpected and/or continuous. Disasters have impacts of such severity on a community or sector that extraordinary measures must be taken in order for normal activities to continue. The gravity of t ...
... and frost. (Shepherd et al., 2013) Disasters are the results of natural or man-made events, and can be unexpected and/or continuous. Disasters have impacts of such severity on a community or sector that extraordinary measures must be taken in order for normal activities to continue. The gravity of t ...
Evaluation of Climate Mitigation Potential for Yeniçağa Gölü (Bolu
... on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007). It is not only a threat to the biodiversity of the world but it is expected to cause other global threats such as hunger, poverty, conflicts between states, displacements etc. Agricultural yields are expected to drop in most tropical and sub-tropical regions – and in ...
... on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007). It is not only a threat to the biodiversity of the world but it is expected to cause other global threats such as hunger, poverty, conflicts between states, displacements etc. Agricultural yields are expected to drop in most tropical and sub-tropical regions – and in ...
GCSE Scheme of Work - Edexcel
... Class debate based on last the two lessons. Split into groups and each group considers one of the following questions. Do you think there is enough evidence to support global warming? To what extent are we accountable for the recent enhanced greenhouse effect? Or is it part of a natural cycle? ...
... Class debate based on last the two lessons. Split into groups and each group considers one of the following questions. Do you think there is enough evidence to support global warming? To what extent are we accountable for the recent enhanced greenhouse effect? Or is it part of a natural cycle? ...
main factors influencing climate change: a review
... of coincidence are identified, there are no reliable statistical data yet for defining a specific regularity. According to Ruddiman [13 ], the average surface temperature in the last 100 years follows a trend similar to the trend of the sunspot cycles. In this case the long-term values of the sunspo ...
... of coincidence are identified, there are no reliable statistical data yet for defining a specific regularity. According to Ruddiman [13 ], the average surface temperature in the last 100 years follows a trend similar to the trend of the sunspot cycles. In this case the long-term values of the sunspo ...
Ecological Impacts of Climate Change
... them susceptible to infestation by pine bark beetles • This example shows how a stressful event can trigger dramatic ecological change when an ecosystem is subject to many interacting stresses ...
... them susceptible to infestation by pine bark beetles • This example shows how a stressful event can trigger dramatic ecological change when an ecosystem is subject to many interacting stresses ...
OPEN CLIMATE LETTER TO UN SECRETARY
... On November 13 you said at Yale: “The science is clear; we should waste no more time on that debate.” The following day, in Al Gore’s “Dirty Weather” Webcast, you spoke of “more severe storms, harsher droughts, greater floods”, concluding: “Two weeks ago, Hurricane Sandy struck the eastern seaboard ...
... On November 13 you said at Yale: “The science is clear; we should waste no more time on that debate.” The following day, in Al Gore’s “Dirty Weather” Webcast, you spoke of “more severe storms, harsher droughts, greater floods”, concluding: “Two weeks ago, Hurricane Sandy struck the eastern seaboard ...
Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems: a review of
... 118 nations and came into force in 1994, has amongst its aims the protection of ecosystems. This paper reviews the relevant text in the Convention and gives an overview of scientific efforts to provide policymakers wlth the necessary information on ecosystem impacts. The sensitivity of different typ ...
... 118 nations and came into force in 1994, has amongst its aims the protection of ecosystems. This paper reviews the relevant text in the Convention and gives an overview of scientific efforts to provide policymakers wlth the necessary information on ecosystem impacts. The sensitivity of different typ ...
CO2, the greenhouse effect and global warming: from the
... century is projected to be between 1.0 and 3.7 -C depending on future greenhouse gas emissions, based on the ensemble-mean results of state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs). Just how reliable are these projections, given the complexity of the climate system? The early history of climate researc ...
... century is projected to be between 1.0 and 3.7 -C depending on future greenhouse gas emissions, based on the ensemble-mean results of state-of-the-art Earth System Models (ESMs). Just how reliable are these projections, given the complexity of the climate system? The early history of climate researc ...
The Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR
... as usual needs to be excluded, but this is difficult to do in academic costing studies and even more difficult in country policy contexts. Adaptation costs are defined as those due to climate change but additional to development. Reflecting these issues, the concept of climate finance remains contes ...
... as usual needs to be excluded, but this is difficult to do in academic costing studies and even more difficult in country policy contexts. Adaptation costs are defined as those due to climate change but additional to development. Reflecting these issues, the concept of climate finance remains contes ...
Chapter 2: AFRICAN CLIMATE CHANGE: PAST AND FUTURE
... of the ongoing global warming. The increase has been attributed to a rise in the burning of fossil fuels, high population growth rates, increasing reliance on fossil fuel-driven growth technologies, and land use effects (particularly urbanization, agriculture and deforestation). Further increases in ...
... of the ongoing global warming. The increase has been attributed to a rise in the burning of fossil fuels, high population growth rates, increasing reliance on fossil fuel-driven growth technologies, and land use effects (particularly urbanization, agriculture and deforestation). Further increases in ...
Climatic Change in the Built Environment in Temperate Climates
... land areas during the recent past shows increasing trends (EEA 2012; Ulbrich et al. 2012; IPCC 2013, 2014). In particular, the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea has been warming during most of the twentieth century, with the warming trend being, during the period 1951–2000, about 0.1 °C/decad ...
... land areas during the recent past shows increasing trends (EEA 2012; Ulbrich et al. 2012; IPCC 2013, 2014). In particular, the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea has been warming during most of the twentieth century, with the warming trend being, during the period 1951–2000, about 0.1 °C/decad ...
THE EFFECTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
... Riebesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B, Tortell PD, Zeebe RE, Morel FMM. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature. 2000 Sept 21; [Internet]. [cited 2014 Jul 29] 407: 364-367. Available from: http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.drew.edu/nature/journal/v407/n6802/f ...
... Riebesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B, Tortell PD, Zeebe RE, Morel FMM. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature. 2000 Sept 21; [Internet]. [cited 2014 Jul 29] 407: 364-367. Available from: http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.drew.edu/nature/journal/v407/n6802/f ...
submission for the carbon tax bill
... with science. Climate prediction is not science, it is pseudo-science, and sooner or later more real scientists are going to wake up to this fact.”…..“If the IPCC were a pharmaceutical company it could face fraud charges for doing this. This is a good analogy. The IPCC claims to have diagnosed a pla ...
... with science. Climate prediction is not science, it is pseudo-science, and sooner or later more real scientists are going to wake up to this fact.”…..“If the IPCC were a pharmaceutical company it could face fraud charges for doing this. This is a good analogy. The IPCC claims to have diagnosed a pla ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.