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... discount rate. Because the potential benefits from mitigation accrue many centuries into the future, even small changes in the discount rate can have a large effect on the appropriate emissions price. We approach climate change as a standard asset pricing problem. Carbon in the atmosphere is an ‘ass ...
... discount rate. Because the potential benefits from mitigation accrue many centuries into the future, even small changes in the discount rate can have a large effect on the appropriate emissions price. We approach climate change as a standard asset pricing problem. Carbon in the atmosphere is an ‘ass ...
Atmospheric Research - Global Change System for Analysis
... of reducing vulnerability to longer-term climate change. • Assess risk according to how far climate change, in conjunction with other drivers of change, may drive activities beyond their coping range. • Focus on present and future vulnerability to ground future adaptation policy development in prese ...
... of reducing vulnerability to longer-term climate change. • Assess risk according to how far climate change, in conjunction with other drivers of change, may drive activities beyond their coping range. • Focus on present and future vulnerability to ground future adaptation policy development in prese ...
Producing the Climate: States, Scientists, and the
... biosphere as a whole reveals the complex economic and social practices that cause climate change by highlighting how human activity disrupts earth systems. At stake in the differences between these two models is which elements of the biosphere are foregrounded in climate policy discussions and there ...
... biosphere as a whole reveals the complex economic and social practices that cause climate change by highlighting how human activity disrupts earth systems. At stake in the differences between these two models is which elements of the biosphere are foregrounded in climate policy discussions and there ...
Great Barrier Reef
... benchmarks to determine the Outstanding Universal Value of the GBR World Heritage Area, 22 (or around 60%) are deteriorating in quality and only one (the Reef as a significant area for humpback whale calving) is improving (see Table 1). The causes of the declining trends in the condition of key Grea ...
... benchmarks to determine the Outstanding Universal Value of the GBR World Heritage Area, 22 (or around 60%) are deteriorating in quality and only one (the Reef as a significant area for humpback whale calving) is improving (see Table 1). The causes of the declining trends in the condition of key Grea ...
Incorporating Climate Change Adaptation into Catchment
... harsh conditions, or increase resilience and/or adaptive capacity by modifying patterns of production and consumption to better suit the climate (Patt, 2009, p. 81). Adaptation requires flexible institutional and policy interventions across multiple sectors and jurisdictions (Dovers & Hezri, 2010). ...
... harsh conditions, or increase resilience and/or adaptive capacity by modifying patterns of production and consumption to better suit the climate (Patt, 2009, p. 81). Adaptation requires flexible institutional and policy interventions across multiple sectors and jurisdictions (Dovers & Hezri, 2010). ...
International emissions schemes update, (pptx
... Developing new methods of data collection is essential to measuring effectiveness. ...
... Developing new methods of data collection is essential to measuring effectiveness. ...
6 Climate change impacts, adaptation measures and vulnerability
... cut down the power supply and communication links. Some of the general changes in society, such as population ageing, will further reinforce the impacts of climate change and require changes in the adaptation measures. In the future, emphasis should be put on risk assessment and management for extre ...
... cut down the power supply and communication links. Some of the general changes in society, such as population ageing, will further reinforce the impacts of climate change and require changes in the adaptation measures. In the future, emphasis should be put on risk assessment and management for extre ...
Developments - Burges Salmon
... Developing new methods of data collection is essential to measuring effectiveness. ...
... Developing new methods of data collection is essential to measuring effectiveness. ...
Lecture 2 FINAL DRAFT
... of elected officials) to procure the latest climate projections from scientists, ask engineers and other experts to devise appropriate responses to the threat and then implement those fixes using whatever planning tools are best suited to the task. Reticence on the part of the public and stakeholder ...
... of elected officials) to procure the latest climate projections from scientists, ask engineers and other experts to devise appropriate responses to the threat and then implement those fixes using whatever planning tools are best suited to the task. Reticence on the part of the public and stakeholder ...
Sensitivity of pines in Mexico to temperature varies with age
... have suggested that in some cases this duality has not been proven; for example, they found no difference in the response of both young and older Larix lyallii trees to climate. With these precedents, analyzing the response of trees to climate can show how forest and stand age structure may result i ...
... have suggested that in some cases this duality has not been proven; for example, they found no difference in the response of both young and older Larix lyallii trees to climate. With these precedents, analyzing the response of trees to climate can show how forest and stand age structure may result i ...
Climate Change Detection and Attribution: Beyond Mean
... the climate system that occurs in the absence of anomalous external natural or anthropogenic forcing (Mitchell et al. 2001). Attribution of anthropogenic climate change is generally understood to require a demonstration that the detected change is consistent with simulated change driven by a combina ...
... the climate system that occurs in the absence of anomalous external natural or anthropogenic forcing (Mitchell et al. 2001). Attribution of anthropogenic climate change is generally understood to require a demonstration that the detected change is consistent with simulated change driven by a combina ...
Leicestershire Together Draft Carbon Reduction Strategy
... The Carbon Reduction Strategy has been developed based on understanding and analysis of the source of carbon emissions in Leicestershire, projecting likely carbon emissions in Leicestershire based on anticipated reductions from government intervention but with no significant local action, and identi ...
... The Carbon Reduction Strategy has been developed based on understanding and analysis of the source of carbon emissions in Leicestershire, projecting likely carbon emissions in Leicestershire based on anticipated reductions from government intervention but with no significant local action, and identi ...
Climate change projections of precipitation and
... for both future periods the annual precipitation sum will decrease for the majority of countries, with decreases of 15–20% for the latter period. For some countries, e.g. Djibouti and Yemen, an increase in annual precipitation of 15–20% was found. The annual ETref shows an increase for all countries ...
... for both future periods the annual precipitation sum will decrease for the majority of countries, with decreases of 15–20% for the latter period. For some countries, e.g. Djibouti and Yemen, an increase in annual precipitation of 15–20% was found. The annual ETref shows an increase for all countries ...
John Holdren: The Scientist Who Cried Wolf
... weather on climate change: “If it’s very cold in the winter, they blame it, here in the northeast, they blame it on global warming, and the report says that global warming makes summers hotter and winters are generally shorter and warmer.” Chait is incredulous. “In one sentence, Krauthammer claims ‘ ...
... weather on climate change: “If it’s very cold in the winter, they blame it, here in the northeast, they blame it on global warming, and the report says that global warming makes summers hotter and winters are generally shorter and warmer.” Chait is incredulous. “In one sentence, Krauthammer claims ‘ ...
Simulated dynamics of net primary productivity
... 2006); specifically it is accountable for 9% of the CO2 emissions (mainly due to deforestation), 37% of methane emissions (due to digestion of ruminants) and 65% of nitrous oxide (from manure). Livestock takes place in almost any climate and area of the world, from intensive production systems to th ...
... 2006); specifically it is accountable for 9% of the CO2 emissions (mainly due to deforestation), 37% of methane emissions (due to digestion of ruminants) and 65% of nitrous oxide (from manure). Livestock takes place in almost any climate and area of the world, from intensive production systems to th ...
how does the theologizing of physics contribute to - Philsci
... science to address the sorts of questions—such as what causes global warming and what will happen if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated—that are relevant to climate policy. Given their central role, it is no surprise that the legitimacy of using global climate models for predictions of the s ...
... science to address the sorts of questions—such as what causes global warming and what will happen if greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated—that are relevant to climate policy. Given their central role, it is no surprise that the legitimacy of using global climate models for predictions of the s ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
... Over the past 250 years, deforestation, combustion of fossil fuels, and production of agricultural commodities such as rice and livestock have caused atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other green-house gases to rise significantly. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli ...
... Over the past 250 years, deforestation, combustion of fossil fuels, and production of agricultural commodities such as rice and livestock have caused atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other green-house gases to rise significantly. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli ...
Climate Change and Internal Displacement
... Climate change is defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as “any change in the climate over time, whether due to natural variability or […] human activity.”6 However, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change focuses specifically on climate change that is “attribute ...
... Climate change is defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as “any change in the climate over time, whether due to natural variability or […] human activity.”6 However, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change focuses specifically on climate change that is “attribute ...
Climate change impacts on South American Rangelands
... forests. This massive deforestation will have negative impacts on the biological diversity ...
... forests. This massive deforestation will have negative impacts on the biological diversity ...
Making the Connection: Population Dynamics and Climate
... would put the world on a path to slower population growth, leading to substantial reductions in future carbon dioxide emissions.5 Furthermore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the leading intergovernmental body for the assessment of climate change, in their 5th assessment report ...
... would put the world on a path to slower population growth, leading to substantial reductions in future carbon dioxide emissions.5 Furthermore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the leading intergovernmental body for the assessment of climate change, in their 5th assessment report ...
Corporate Responses in an Emerging Climate Regime
... simple matter, however, for firms to invest in research and development and move into new low emission technologies, as these frequently require radically different capabilities that threaten to open industries to new entrants (Anderson and Tushman, 1990; Christensen, 1997; Kolk and Pinkse, 2008). S ...
... simple matter, however, for firms to invest in research and development and move into new low emission technologies, as these frequently require radically different capabilities that threaten to open industries to new entrants (Anderson and Tushman, 1990; Christensen, 1997; Kolk and Pinkse, 2008). S ...
Using the Kyoto Protocol as a stepping stone.
... even 268 new projects submitted in November 2011. In the beginning it took about a year from the start of the validation to get a CDM project registered, but after some criticism that non-additional projects were registered up to 70% of the CDM project went into the review cycle and other delays th ...
... even 268 new projects submitted in November 2011. In the beginning it took about a year from the start of the validation to get a CDM project registered, but after some criticism that non-additional projects were registered up to 70% of the CDM project went into the review cycle and other delays th ...
How does climate mitigation policy affect adaptation? An empirical
... resulting from the above four mechanisms of harvest timing, harvest intensity, replanting, and natural disturbance. Thus, a major gap in the literature on climate change and natural resources is in understanding the time path of how a landscape can change when it is comprised of many individual land ...
... resulting from the above four mechanisms of harvest timing, harvest intensity, replanting, and natural disturbance. Thus, a major gap in the literature on climate change and natural resources is in understanding the time path of how a landscape can change when it is comprised of many individual land ...
publication (accessible PDF, 2.8 MB)
... success of which resonates around the world. An example of this is Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), an approach that focuses on the conservation of natural resources and their dependent ecosystem services, either to supplement or replace other adaptation measures. In contrast to traditional approac ...
... success of which resonates around the world. An example of this is Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), an approach that focuses on the conservation of natural resources and their dependent ecosystem services, either to supplement or replace other adaptation measures. In contrast to traditional approac ...
here - Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy
... of Solutions” that the 2015 Paris Agreement needs to advance, and build post-Paris momentum. While important steps to achieve each of the three components must precede the 2015 Paris Agreement, equally essential are the actions taken to further develop and implement these strategies after Paris. Thi ...
... of Solutions” that the 2015 Paris Agreement needs to advance, and build post-Paris momentum. While important steps to achieve each of the three components must precede the 2015 Paris Agreement, equally essential are the actions taken to further develop and implement these strategies after Paris. Thi ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.