The greenhouse effect
... reaches the ground to either be scattered back into the atmosphere, or absorbed. Solids can absorb all frequencies of radiation, and convert them to infrared wavelengths. The heated ground can then emit infrared radiation back into the atmosphere, which then intercepts more of the energy on the wa ...
... reaches the ground to either be scattered back into the atmosphere, or absorbed. Solids can absorb all frequencies of radiation, and convert them to infrared wavelengths. The heated ground can then emit infrared radiation back into the atmosphere, which then intercepts more of the energy on the wa ...
Harley b/l - CalCOFI.org
... another. When effects are additive, a 20% stock reduction due to environmental impacts and a 50% reduction due to fishing would result in a 70% reduction in stock size (fig. 1A). By comparison, synergistic interactions generate effects that are greater than the sum of their parts, such as when one f ...
... another. When effects are additive, a 20% stock reduction due to environmental impacts and a 50% reduction due to fishing would result in a 70% reduction in stock size (fig. 1A). By comparison, synergistic interactions generate effects that are greater than the sum of their parts, such as when one f ...
National Park Service - UAF SNAP
... acres of parklands to administer, Alaska park managers must better understand possible climate change trends in order to better manage arctic, subarctic, and coastal ecosystems, as well as human uses of these areas. As such, NPS managers undertook an exploration of scenario planning as an innovative ...
... acres of parklands to administer, Alaska park managers must better understand possible climate change trends in order to better manage arctic, subarctic, and coastal ecosystems, as well as human uses of these areas. As such, NPS managers undertook an exploration of scenario planning as an innovative ...
... offices, petroleum storage facilities, police stations, power stations, the Pier, recreation sites, schools, the Transport Centre, the University of the West Indies (UWI) and the Wharf. Over 90% of all hotels in Barbados are located on, or proximal to, the beaches and are therefore highly vulnerable ...
Second National Communication
... It is worth noting that the total greenhouse gases emissions increased by 6.2% from 51.52 million tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent in 1994 to 54.72 million tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent in 2000. The bulk of this increase in our emissions was from our land use sector. In this regard, Governm ...
... It is worth noting that the total greenhouse gases emissions increased by 6.2% from 51.52 million tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent in 1994 to 54.72 million tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent in 2000. The bulk of this increase in our emissions was from our land use sector. In this regard, Governm ...
2015 Conference Final Program - Climate Change: Impacts and
... It is now widely accepted that the most recent phase of human society has had an impact on the earth’s climate. Greenhouse gases are heating up the earth. Ice that was permanent until recently, is rapidly melting. Sea levels are rising. Extreme weather events are occurring with greater frequency. Di ...
... It is now widely accepted that the most recent phase of human society has had an impact on the earth’s climate. Greenhouse gases are heating up the earth. Ice that was permanent until recently, is rapidly melting. Sea levels are rising. Extreme weather events are occurring with greater frequency. Di ...
Enhanced weathering strategies for stabilizing climate and averting
... thereby helping maintain the viability of tropical coral reef ecosystems11–14 . However, we highlight major issues of cost, social acceptability, and potential unanticipated consequences that will limit utilization and emphasize the need for urgent efforts to phase down fossil fuel emissions15 . Sin ...
... thereby helping maintain the viability of tropical coral reef ecosystems11–14 . However, we highlight major issues of cost, social acceptability, and potential unanticipated consequences that will limit utilization and emphasize the need for urgent efforts to phase down fossil fuel emissions15 . Sin ...
climate change and sustainability of agrodiversity in traditional
... as climate change can cause adverse impacts on agriculture sector and adaptation can reduce the vulnerabilities (Swaminathan 2002). Mirza and Dixit (1997) in their analysis found the climate change along the major river systems is India - the Ganges and Brahmaputra basin is likely to change river fl ...
... as climate change can cause adverse impacts on agriculture sector and adaptation can reduce the vulnerabilities (Swaminathan 2002). Mirza and Dixit (1997) in their analysis found the climate change along the major river systems is India - the Ganges and Brahmaputra basin is likely to change river fl ...
Modeling climate change impacts on phenology and population
... patterns (Polovina, 1996) was supported in a computer model of a wider range of migratory predatory fishes (Dagorn et al., 2000). Leatherback sea turtles, bluefin tuna, and salmon sharks undergo long annual migrations (>2000 km) from the western, central and south Pacific basins to the CCLME. A number ...
... patterns (Polovina, 1996) was supported in a computer model of a wider range of migratory predatory fishes (Dagorn et al., 2000). Leatherback sea turtles, bluefin tuna, and salmon sharks undergo long annual migrations (>2000 km) from the western, central and south Pacific basins to the CCLME. A number ...
Protection and Planned Relocations in the Context of
... Climate change is expected to lead to increased human mobility in the forms of migration, displacement and planned relocation of communities as areas become uninhabitable because of the effects of global warming. While considerable attention has been directed toward the first two categories – partic ...
... Climate change is expected to lead to increased human mobility in the forms of migration, displacement and planned relocation of communities as areas become uninhabitable because of the effects of global warming. While considerable attention has been directed toward the first two categories – partic ...
Supplement
... Page 30652, Line 16: Reference to Eyring et al. (2013) with results from the latest CMIP5 simulations would be appropriate here. Agreed - the reference has been inserted. Page 30653, Line 15: The authors mention tropical upper tropospheric increases in ozone are driven by lightning NOx – are lightni ...
... Page 30652, Line 16: Reference to Eyring et al. (2013) with results from the latest CMIP5 simulations would be appropriate here. Agreed - the reference has been inserted. Page 30653, Line 15: The authors mention tropical upper tropospheric increases in ozone are driven by lightning NOx – are lightni ...
Climate Investment Funds (CIFs): An Overview CRS Report for Congress Richard K. Lattanzio
... For political, social, economic, and environmental reasons, the United States helps finance programs in developing countries to address global climate change and other environmental issues. Several factors are important in structuring the U.S. agenda, including, among others, the choice of recipient ...
... For political, social, economic, and environmental reasons, the United States helps finance programs in developing countries to address global climate change and other environmental issues. Several factors are important in structuring the U.S. agenda, including, among others, the choice of recipient ...
Using the UKCP09 probabilistic scenarios to model the amplified
... T. J. Coulthard et al.: Using the UKCP09 probabilistic scenarios climate may affect landscape change predicted by the LAPSUS model by projecting GCM predictions of future temperatures to 1000 yr into the future. Importantly, this work made a direct connection between GCM projections and geomorpholo ...
... T. J. Coulthard et al.: Using the UKCP09 probabilistic scenarios climate may affect landscape change predicted by the LAPSUS model by projecting GCM predictions of future temperatures to 1000 yr into the future. Importantly, this work made a direct connection between GCM projections and geomorpholo ...
UNRIC Library Backgrounder: Climate Change
... With 60 countries joining, Climate Accord’s ratification ‘inevitable’, leading to safer, more resilient planet, Secretary-General says at New York event (SG/SM/18104-ENV/DEV/1715-L/T/4456, 21 September 2016): http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sgsm18104.doc.htm Stressing risks of global temperature ris ...
... With 60 countries joining, Climate Accord’s ratification ‘inevitable’, leading to safer, more resilient planet, Secretary-General says at New York event (SG/SM/18104-ENV/DEV/1715-L/T/4456, 21 September 2016): http://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sgsm18104.doc.htm Stressing risks of global temperature ris ...
Annotated draft outline of the 2016 EEA CCIV report
... 2.1 Human influence on Blaz Kurnik (ACC4), the climate system Hans-Martin Füssel (ACC4) 2.2 Atmosphere Blaz Kurnik (ACC4), Hans-Martin Füssel (ACC4) JRC-IES 2.3 Cryosphere ...
... 2.1 Human influence on Blaz Kurnik (ACC4), the climate system Hans-Martin Füssel (ACC4) 2.2 Atmosphere Blaz Kurnik (ACC4), Hans-Martin Füssel (ACC4) JRC-IES 2.3 Cryosphere ...
Environment - West Sussex County Council
... Climate Change Description Climate change refers to man-made changes in our climate. Global warming is one of the most well-known effects of climate change where there is a steady increase in the earth’s temperature. Other effects include rising sea levels, ice caps melting at the poles and extreme ...
... Climate Change Description Climate change refers to man-made changes in our climate. Global warming is one of the most well-known effects of climate change where there is a steady increase in the earth’s temperature. Other effects include rising sea levels, ice caps melting at the poles and extreme ...
Deliverable 2B.1
... several studies (Parry et al., 2004). Results show that some regions may improve production, while others suffer yield losses. This could lead to shifts of agricultural production zones around the world. Furthermore, different crops will be affected differently, leading to the need for adaptation of ...
... several studies (Parry et al., 2004). Results show that some regions may improve production, while others suffer yield losses. This could lead to shifts of agricultural production zones around the world. Furthermore, different crops will be affected differently, leading to the need for adaptation of ...
Summary of the First Forum for National Designated Entities (NDEs
... The CTCN held its first Forum for National Designated Entities (NDEs) from Asia in Bangkok, Thailand, from the 28th to the 30th of April 2015. The aim of this Forum was to develop and strengthen the regional network of National Designated Entities (NDEs), and their relationship with other technology ...
... The CTCN held its first Forum for National Designated Entities (NDEs) from Asia in Bangkok, Thailand, from the 28th to the 30th of April 2015. The aim of this Forum was to develop and strengthen the regional network of National Designated Entities (NDEs), and their relationship with other technology ...
Cost Benefit Analysis Tool and Guidance
... oriented disasters cause average annual direct losses of USFJ$284 million in the region, which are amongst the highest per capita losses in the world. In Fiji, for example, solely in 2012, three natural disasters – one 50-year flood, one 25-year flood, and one Category 4 cyclone – ravaged Viti Levu, ...
... oriented disasters cause average annual direct losses of USFJ$284 million in the region, which are amongst the highest per capita losses in the world. In Fiji, for example, solely in 2012, three natural disasters – one 50-year flood, one 25-year flood, and one Category 4 cyclone – ravaged Viti Levu, ...
Deep uncertainty in long-term hurricane risk: Scenario generation and implications for future climate experiments
... those used by the Dynamical Model scenarios there is evidence that they provide adequate predictions of basin-scale tropical cyclone frequency and intensity over the near- and long-term (Emanuel, 2005; Hoyos et al., 2006). They also have the advantage of being directly driven by large-scale climate ...
... those used by the Dynamical Model scenarios there is evidence that they provide adequate predictions of basin-scale tropical cyclone frequency and intensity over the near- and long-term (Emanuel, 2005; Hoyos et al., 2006). They also have the advantage of being directly driven by large-scale climate ...
The Changing Earth-Life System—Critical Information for
... held workshops and provided input to numerous National Research Council reports. These workshops and reports have addressed research opportunities in paleoclimate, paleoenvironmental studies, evolution, and more, with an increasing emphasis on integrated, global studies, and the efforts have become ...
... held workshops and provided input to numerous National Research Council reports. These workshops and reports have addressed research opportunities in paleoclimate, paleoenvironmental studies, evolution, and more, with an increasing emphasis on integrated, global studies, and the efforts have become ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES PRESERVING THE OCEAN
... greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this risk justifies costly reductions in greenhouse gas emissions is controversial. The policies ...
... greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this risk justifies costly reductions in greenhouse gas emissions is controversial. The policies ...
PDF
... uncertainty. Respondents were asked two separate questions to distinguish policy uncertainty arising from a lack of scientific knowledge that caused by a lack of global cooperation. Global co-operation was defined as a situation where, in addition to European Union countries and Australia, at least ...
... uncertainty. Respondents were asked two separate questions to distinguish policy uncertainty arising from a lack of scientific knowledge that caused by a lack of global cooperation. Global co-operation was defined as a situation where, in addition to European Union countries and Australia, at least ...
Climate Science: Is it currently designed to answer questions
... temperature (Held and Soden, 2006). Moreover, this memoir makes clear that the water vapor feedback was considered central to the whole global warming issue from the very beginning. ...
... temperature (Held and Soden, 2006). Moreover, this memoir makes clear that the water vapor feedback was considered central to the whole global warming issue from the very beginning. ...
Security implications of climate change in the Sahel region
... conflict, and consider ‘human security’3 issues such as food crises and low-scale localised tensions (SICCS “A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967 – 2007”, 2010, SWAC/ OECD). Selection of events was based on geographic (affecting at least one country of the coverage are) and temporal ( ...
... conflict, and consider ‘human security’3 issues such as food crises and low-scale localised tensions (SICCS “A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967 – 2007”, 2010, SWAC/ OECD). Selection of events was based on geographic (affecting at least one country of the coverage are) and temporal ( ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.