09268001
... atmosphere naturally include water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone. There are a few human activities and massive industrialization, which increase the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases. Since the middle of the 19th century, human agriculture and industrializat ...
... atmosphere naturally include water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone. There are a few human activities and massive industrialization, which increase the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases. Since the middle of the 19th century, human agriculture and industrializat ...
Security implications of climate change in the Sahel region
... conflict, and consider ‘human security’3 issues such as food crises and low-scale localised tensions (SICCS “A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967 – 2007”, 2010, SWAC/ OECD). Selection of events was based on geographic (affecting at least one country of the coverage are) and temporal ( ...
... conflict, and consider ‘human security’3 issues such as food crises and low-scale localised tensions (SICCS “A review of past security events in the Sahel 1967 – 2007”, 2010, SWAC/ OECD). Selection of events was based on geographic (affecting at least one country of the coverage are) and temporal ( ...
Climate Science: Is it currently designed to answer questions
... temperature (Held and Soden, 2006). Moreover, this memoir makes clear that the water vapor feedback was considered central to the whole global warming issue from the very beginning. ...
... temperature (Held and Soden, 2006). Moreover, this memoir makes clear that the water vapor feedback was considered central to the whole global warming issue from the very beginning. ...
Assessment of climate change impact on hydrological extremes in
... et al., 2009). The studies used different methods for translating specified changes in climatic inputs into changes in hydrological regimes. Bias correction and applying monthly changes were among some of the methods used to generate the climate series. Afterwards, hydrological models were used to g ...
... et al., 2009). The studies used different methods for translating specified changes in climatic inputs into changes in hydrological regimes. Bias correction and applying monthly changes were among some of the methods used to generate the climate series. Afterwards, hydrological models were used to g ...
CCSM_Feb2006 - UCLA: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
... We were able to isolate the surface component as the main source of an approximately three-fold divergence in simulations of snow albedo feedback. Focusing on the surface component, we compared snow albedo feedback's strength in the real seasonal cycle to simulated values. They mostly fall well outs ...
... We were able to isolate the surface component as the main source of an approximately three-fold divergence in simulations of snow albedo feedback. Focusing on the surface component, we compared snow albedo feedback's strength in the real seasonal cycle to simulated values. They mostly fall well outs ...
Carbon Geography: The Political Economy of Congressional
... carefully integrated with generation data from EIA to produce useful values like pounds per megawatt-hour (lbs/MWh) of emissions, which allows direct comparison of the environmental attributes of electricity generation.”10 We use eGRID’s carbon emissions factor, measured in pounds of carbon dioxide ...
... carefully integrated with generation data from EIA to produce useful values like pounds per megawatt-hour (lbs/MWh) of emissions, which allows direct comparison of the environmental attributes of electricity generation.”10 We use eGRID’s carbon emissions factor, measured in pounds of carbon dioxide ...
module 1 - National Open University of Nigeria
... Climate change is the measurable increase in the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere, oceans and landmasses. Scientists believe earth is currently facing a period of rapid warming brought on by rising level of heat trapping gases known as greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These greenhouse ga ...
... Climate change is the measurable increase in the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere, oceans and landmasses. Scientists believe earth is currently facing a period of rapid warming brought on by rising level of heat trapping gases known as greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These greenhouse ga ...
The weather@home regional climate modelling project for Australia
... turbation is applied thereafter so as to allow for the continuous integration of the model under its specific climate scenario. Further initial condition perturbations are also applied to the first year of the model integration using a range of starting conditions with different large-scale circulat ...
... turbation is applied thereafter so as to allow for the continuous integration of the model under its specific climate scenario. Further initial condition perturbations are also applied to the first year of the model integration using a range of starting conditions with different large-scale circulat ...
Preparing for the future – Ofwat`s climate change policy statement
... emissions is not straightforward and there are no quick fixes. We are well placed to plan for and tackle these challenges, with some of the world’s best climate research scientists based in the UK. Their work provides sound evidence on which to base decisions, and the sectors need to start to plan a ...
... emissions is not straightforward and there are no quick fixes. We are well placed to plan for and tackle these challenges, with some of the world’s best climate research scientists based in the UK. Their work provides sound evidence on which to base decisions, and the sectors need to start to plan a ...
Urbanization and Climate Change in Small iSland developing StateS
... States meeting in Samoa, September 2014................................................................. 6 Image 04: Big waves crushing on the shore of Praia Piscina, in the Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, during a severe storm......................................... 8 Image 05: The Maldives und ...
... States meeting in Samoa, September 2014................................................................. 6 Image 04: Big waves crushing on the shore of Praia Piscina, in the Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, during a severe storm......................................... 8 Image 05: The Maldives und ...
Adaptation to Climate Change in the context of Sustainable
... that assessed past and present current vulnerability, existing adaptation strategies, and how these might be modified with climate change. Vulnerability in this context is defined as, “the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change, incl ...
... that assessed past and present current vulnerability, existing adaptation strategies, and how these might be modified with climate change. Vulnerability in this context is defined as, “the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change, incl ...
Climates of change: human dimensions of Holocene
... 1997), and as such, are likely to be associated with periods of extreme drought in the western Pacific, and more specifically Southeast Asia, New Guinea and northern Australia. Historical records show that prolonged droughts of more than 5 yr have occurred on both sides of the Pacific and have impacts ...
... 1997), and as such, are likely to be associated with periods of extreme drought in the western Pacific, and more specifically Southeast Asia, New Guinea and northern Australia. Historical records show that prolonged droughts of more than 5 yr have occurred on both sides of the Pacific and have impacts ...
Recognitions and Responsibilities - International Research Institute
... planetary scale of climate change (Latour 2004). Greenhouse gas emissions diffuse through the atmosphere and alter the balance between the solar energy reaching the earth and the energy radiating back out into space, so that efforts to address climate change must include the coordinated efforts of m ...
... planetary scale of climate change (Latour 2004). Greenhouse gas emissions diffuse through the atmosphere and alter the balance between the solar energy reaching the earth and the energy radiating back out into space, so that efforts to address climate change must include the coordinated efforts of m ...
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
... The climate system The processes that determine the detailed horizontal and vertical patterns of temperature in the real atmosphere are much more complex than the simple radiative equilibrium models represented in Figures 1, 2 and 5. A range of other vertical and horizontal heat exchange processes a ...
... The climate system The processes that determine the detailed horizontal and vertical patterns of temperature in the real atmosphere are much more complex than the simple radiative equilibrium models represented in Figures 1, 2 and 5. A range of other vertical and horizontal heat exchange processes a ...
The role of unstated mistrust and disparities in scientifi c capacity
... operating across borders, but has paid less attention to the causal mechanisms through which transnational actors achieve (or fall short of) their goals. Moreover, works in this area have largely overlooked the role of environmental advocates in developing countries, focusing instead on the activiti ...
... operating across borders, but has paid less attention to the causal mechanisms through which transnational actors achieve (or fall short of) their goals. Moreover, works in this area have largely overlooked the role of environmental advocates in developing countries, focusing instead on the activiti ...
climate justice - Buffalo Law Review
... foundational concept. In this Article, I do acknowledge these current weaknesses of Kyoto‟s CDM and point out the disadvantages of market-based remedies, which, in the context of U.S. domestic policy, have demonstrated that a least-cost response to emissions abatement efforts can exacerbate certain ...
... foundational concept. In this Article, I do acknowledge these current weaknesses of Kyoto‟s CDM and point out the disadvantages of market-based remedies, which, in the context of U.S. domestic policy, have demonstrated that a least-cost response to emissions abatement efforts can exacerbate certain ...
NRCan/CIP Projects and Initiatives on climate
... Resources for climate change planners Sources of scientific data 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A body of the United Nations, the IPCC provides decision-makers with an objective source of the latest scientific, technical and socio-economic information about climate change, and i ...
... Resources for climate change planners Sources of scientific data 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A body of the United Nations, the IPCC provides decision-makers with an objective source of the latest scientific, technical and socio-economic information about climate change, and i ...
Entire Report - Center for Climate and Energy
... greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. “Ecosystems and Global Climate Change” is the fifth in a series of Pew Center reports examining the potential impacts of climate change on the U.S. environment. It details the very real possibility that warming over this century will jeopardize the in ...
... greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. “Ecosystems and Global Climate Change” is the fifth in a series of Pew Center reports examining the potential impacts of climate change on the U.S. environment. It details the very real possibility that warming over this century will jeopardize the in ...
Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems
... Humans influence climate primarily through fossil-fuel, industrial, agricultural, and other landuse emissions that alter atmospheric composition. Long-lived, heat-trapping greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, tropospheric ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons) warm the planet’s surface globally, whereas short ...
... Humans influence climate primarily through fossil-fuel, industrial, agricultural, and other landuse emissions that alter atmospheric composition. Long-lived, heat-trapping greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 , N2 O, tropospheric ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons) warm the planet’s surface globally, whereas short ...
An Economic Analysis of Climate Adaptations to Hurricane Risk in St
... to withstand hurricanes. However, these measures can have high up-front costs and there is evidence from the literature that many homeowners are unlikely to invest in them because they underestimate the likelihood of future disasters and only consider the expected benefits of these measures over the ...
... to withstand hurricanes. However, these measures can have high up-front costs and there is evidence from the literature that many homeowners are unlikely to invest in them because they underestimate the likelihood of future disasters and only consider the expected benefits of these measures over the ...
Livestock and climate change - CGSpace
... The future trajectory of global GHG emissions is uncertain, but even if these are reduced substantially and ...
... The future trajectory of global GHG emissions is uncertain, but even if these are reduced substantially and ...
Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short
... on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20 ) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality ...
... on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20 ) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality ...
Impacts of climate change on temperature and evaporation from a
... changing climate. In fact, there are indications that the meteorological factors involved in the process of evaporation will be significantly affected as a result of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The 2007 Australian Climate Change Report by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Res ...
... changing climate. In fact, there are indications that the meteorological factors involved in the process of evaporation will be significantly affected as a result of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The 2007 Australian Climate Change Report by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Res ...
The Health Effects of Climate Change in the WHO European Region
... Elderly people are more vulnerable to the effects of heatwaves, due in part to poorer physical health and the effects of cognitive impairment on the perception of heat-related health risk [22]. However, temperature-dependent mortality is also high among young populations, particularly in Eastern and ...
... Elderly people are more vulnerable to the effects of heatwaves, due in part to poorer physical health and the effects of cognitive impairment on the perception of heat-related health risk [22]. However, temperature-dependent mortality is also high among young populations, particularly in Eastern and ...
Preserving the Ocean Circulation
... greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this risk justifies costly reductions in greenhouse gas emissions is controversial. The policies ...
... greenhouse gases at a level that will “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. Which stabilization level for greenhouse gases would avoid dangerous interference and whether this risk justifies costly reductions in greenhouse gas emissions is controversial. The policies ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.