Towards a Strategy on Climate Change, Ecosystem Services
... the worst-case IPCC scenario trajectories (or even worse) are being realised. For many key parameters, the climate system is already moving beyond the patterns of natural variability within which our society and economy have developed and thrived. These parameters include global mean surface tempera ...
... the worst-case IPCC scenario trajectories (or even worse) are being realised. For many key parameters, the climate system is already moving beyond the patterns of natural variability within which our society and economy have developed and thrived. These parameters include global mean surface tempera ...
Potential impacts of aerosol–land–atmosphere interactions on the Indian monsoonal rainfall characteristics
... Land-use/land-cover change has been identified as a significant forcing that can impact precipitation characteristics (Pielke et al. 2006). Changes in land-surface characteristics can alter the surface Bowen ratio and have a feedback via boundary layer processes. Recent results from field measuremen ...
... Land-use/land-cover change has been identified as a significant forcing that can impact precipitation characteristics (Pielke et al. 2006). Changes in land-surface characteristics can alter the surface Bowen ratio and have a feedback via boundary layer processes. Recent results from field measuremen ...
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... been unable to distribute responsibilities among themselves for mitigation actions, and they have been reluctant to adopt unilateral policies, which they view as ineffective or even counterproductive. As a result, the stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to rise. Since the Kyoto pro ...
... been unable to distribute responsibilities among themselves for mitigation actions, and they have been reluctant to adopt unilateral policies, which they view as ineffective or even counterproductive. As a result, the stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continues to rise. Since the Kyoto pro ...
SEA LEVEL RISE IN THE CARIBBEAN
... to the ensemble mean over much of the CARICOM area, although it does not return to current levels over most areas that would have experienced drying; however under Scenario A2 drying continues; lack of data prevented an equivalent analysis for the B1 Scenario • However, maximum and minimum rainfall ...
... to the ensemble mean over much of the CARICOM area, although it does not return to current levels over most areas that would have experienced drying; however under Scenario A2 drying continues; lack of data prevented an equivalent analysis for the B1 Scenario • However, maximum and minimum rainfall ...
Disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation
... While the former is mainly used by humanitarian actors, the latter stems from developmental considerations, as explained below. For the purpose of this paper, a distinction is made between the two concepts based on the level at which they address the root causes of disasters. However, it is importan ...
... While the former is mainly used by humanitarian actors, the latter stems from developmental considerations, as explained below. For the purpose of this paper, a distinction is made between the two concepts based on the level at which they address the root causes of disasters. However, it is importan ...
Cooperation on Climate-Change Mitigation
... there is a large scientific literature warning of the dangers of failing to successfully address the issue and continuing business-as-usual. For climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that continued emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) would likely lead to sign ...
... there is a large scientific literature warning of the dangers of failing to successfully address the issue and continuing business-as-usual. For climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that continued emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) would likely lead to sign ...
international legal implications of climate change for the polar
... however, been fairly minimal to date. Nevertheless, the original perception that climate change is not an issue which can be addressed regionally is slowly beginning to change. There are (at least) three areas where action can and should be undertaken by polar states: mitigating and minimising local ...
... however, been fairly minimal to date. Nevertheless, the original perception that climate change is not an issue which can be addressed regionally is slowly beginning to change. There are (at least) three areas where action can and should be undertaken by polar states: mitigating and minimising local ...
Integrating Community and Ecosystem
... services for food, water and shelter, and particularly in times of need or to meet contingencies. Climate change is also having a negative impact on traditional coping mechanisms and food security 1 thereby increasing the vulnerability of the world’s poor to famine and perturbations such as droughts ...
... services for food, water and shelter, and particularly in times of need or to meet contingencies. Climate change is also having a negative impact on traditional coping mechanisms and food security 1 thereby increasing the vulnerability of the world’s poor to famine and perturbations such as droughts ...
McGraw Hill Higher Education - McGraw
... Carbon Neutral—emissions offset by removal of an equal amount of gas from the atmosphere Carbon Tax—tax on use of fuels causing carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions—based on type and quantity— promotes fuel efficiency ...
... Carbon Neutral—emissions offset by removal of an equal amount of gas from the atmosphere Carbon Tax—tax on use of fuels causing carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions—based on type and quantity— promotes fuel efficiency ...
Lessons from the Front Lines Preparing for Climate Impacts
... • Non-legal barriers (technical, administrative and funding) can also inhibit implementation. Actionable plans require decision-makers to understand: (1) what data and technical information they need to make decisions, (2) which agencies will be charged with implementing each recommendation, and (3 ...
... • Non-legal barriers (technical, administrative and funding) can also inhibit implementation. Actionable plans require decision-makers to understand: (1) what data and technical information they need to make decisions, (2) which agencies will be charged with implementing each recommendation, and (3 ...
On the relationship between metrics to compare greenhouse gases
... following a pulse emission of a gas X compared to “the integral of the temperature change” following a pulse emission of CO2 . Such a measure has been discussed previously by, for instance, Fisher et al. (1990), Rotmans and den Elzen (1992), Shine et al. (2005, p. 298), IPCC (2009), Gillet and Matth ...
... following a pulse emission of a gas X compared to “the integral of the temperature change” following a pulse emission of CO2 . Such a measure has been discussed previously by, for instance, Fisher et al. (1990), Rotmans and den Elzen (1992), Shine et al. (2005, p. 298), IPCC (2009), Gillet and Matth ...
Australia – Vietnam Climate Change Delivery Strategy 2011
... sustainable livelihoods to respond to climate change and climate-related disasters. Given that it is the poorest and marginalised people that are the most vulnerable to climate change, AusAID will focus assistance at the community level and also help provincial governments put in place measures to p ...
... sustainable livelihoods to respond to climate change and climate-related disasters. Given that it is the poorest and marginalised people that are the most vulnerable to climate change, AusAID will focus assistance at the community level and also help provincial governments put in place measures to p ...
Ecosystem-based approaches to building resilience in urban areas
... goods and services produced by each city’s natural capital, appreciating that these are not limitless; ii) the groups of people benefitting from these goods and services; and, iii) the sustainable development objectives that EbA strategies can address. Arising out of this, participants considered an ...
... goods and services produced by each city’s natural capital, appreciating that these are not limitless; ii) the groups of people benefitting from these goods and services; and, iii) the sustainable development objectives that EbA strategies can address. Arising out of this, participants considered an ...
Nitrogen deposition
... • Global increase in Ndep tends to closely follow the increase in emissions, especially in the NCAR model. Unclear if the increase in other models from climate change is statistically significant • What is happening to GISS_2100? • The hydrological cycle (as identified by lightning and wet depositio ...
... • Global increase in Ndep tends to closely follow the increase in emissions, especially in the NCAR model. Unclear if the increase in other models from climate change is statistically significant • What is happening to GISS_2100? • The hydrological cycle (as identified by lightning and wet depositio ...
Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators
... 1. the amount of GHGs emitted per person (GHGs per capita), and 2. the amount of GHGs per unit of gross domestic product (GHG intensity of the economy). These indicators show the relationship between the size of Canada's population and the amount of GHGs emitted, and how efficiently sectors in the e ...
... 1. the amount of GHGs emitted per person (GHGs per capita), and 2. the amount of GHGs per unit of gross domestic product (GHG intensity of the economy). These indicators show the relationship between the size of Canada's population and the amount of GHGs emitted, and how efficiently sectors in the e ...
SoG for Climate Applications
... (distribution of stations, fundamental changes in functions, etc); changes at a station level (configuration of layout and set of instruments, instrument exposure, station management/inspections/maintenance, data acquisition, processing and communications, reporting frequency and format, etc); and c ...
... (distribution of stations, fundamental changes in functions, etc); changes at a station level (configuration of layout and set of instruments, instrument exposure, station management/inspections/maintenance, data acquisition, processing and communications, reporting frequency and format, etc); and c ...
A preliminary assessment of the impact of climate change on non-life insurance demand in the BRICS economies: Working Paper 63 (379 kB) (opens in new window)
... economic activity (such as agriculture, insurance and water-intensive sectors), the local environment, human health and wellbeing, and damages from extreme weather. 2. Changing patterns of investment in climate risk management and adaptation, such as increases in investments in protective infrastruc ...
... economic activity (such as agriculture, insurance and water-intensive sectors), the local environment, human health and wellbeing, and damages from extreme weather. 2. Changing patterns of investment in climate risk management and adaptation, such as increases in investments in protective infrastruc ...
Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils
... permafrost carbon balance, these factors include nutrient dynamics, nonlinear shifts in vegetation community, human disturbance, land–water interactions, and the relationship of permafrost degradation with water balance. Because precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors dr ...
... permafrost carbon balance, these factors include nutrient dynamics, nonlinear shifts in vegetation community, human disturbance, land–water interactions, and the relationship of permafrost degradation with water balance. Because precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors dr ...
A fractal climate response function can simulate global average
... anthropogenic aerosols are uncertain. Although solar irradiance has been well measured by satellites in recent decades, its variation is highly uncertain for the time before. Estimates of its variation over the past millennium vary by more than an order of magnitude (Wang et al 2005, Schrijver et al ...
... anthropogenic aerosols are uncertain. Although solar irradiance has been well measured by satellites in recent decades, its variation is highly uncertain for the time before. Estimates of its variation over the past millennium vary by more than an order of magnitude (Wang et al 2005, Schrijver et al ...
chapter one - Open University of Tanzania Repository
... the other towards the materialization of this project. But I wish to acknowledge them all. ...
... the other towards the materialization of this project. But I wish to acknowledge them all. ...
Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change
... constraints and assumptions. For countries with marine fisheries, an obvious choice would be changes in sea surface temperature (SST) but there is no equivalent for inland waters, which support significant fisheries in countries such as China, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and nations in the African R ...
... constraints and assumptions. For countries with marine fisheries, an obvious choice would be changes in sea surface temperature (SST) but there is no equivalent for inland waters, which support significant fisheries in countries such as China, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India and nations in the African R ...
Reversible and irreversible impacts of greenhouse gas
... reversibility of the impacts of historical and 21st century GHG emissions. Arguably more relevant for individual countries than global mean change is by how much and for how long anthropogenic changes exceed natural variability in individual regions. However, there is as yet no explicit quantificati ...
... reversibility of the impacts of historical and 21st century GHG emissions. Arguably more relevant for individual countries than global mean change is by how much and for how long anthropogenic changes exceed natural variability in individual regions. However, there is as yet no explicit quantificati ...
View/Open
... natural hazards and take appropriate measures to cushion their impacts. WFP also provides emergency relief food assistance when disasters strike, helping devastated families to recover and rebuild, while assisting vulnerable communities to adapt to more difficult and uncertain times. Responding to i ...
... natural hazards and take appropriate measures to cushion their impacts. WFP also provides emergency relief food assistance when disasters strike, helping devastated families to recover and rebuild, while assisting vulnerable communities to adapt to more difficult and uncertain times. Responding to i ...
The Economic Climate: Establishing Expert Consensus on the
... than the scientific consensus. He argues that by presenting these opinions in the form of a “sophisticated” model, modelers dishonestly represent IAMs as current scientific consensus, instead of as a black box that transforms the modeler’s assumptions into policy recommendations and SCC estimates. ...
... than the scientific consensus. He argues that by presenting these opinions in the form of a “sophisticated” model, modelers dishonestly represent IAMs as current scientific consensus, instead of as a black box that transforms the modeler’s assumptions into policy recommendations and SCC estimates. ...
Climate Change Threats and Effects: Challenges for Agriculture and
... cope and respond to climate change, NRM is crucial in innovative strategies for expanding agricultural development. The Problem of Climate Change The problem of climate change and the effects are global; involve cross-cutting issues that affect agricultural production in both the developed and devel ...
... cope and respond to climate change, NRM is crucial in innovative strategies for expanding agricultural development. The Problem of Climate Change The problem of climate change and the effects are global; involve cross-cutting issues that affect agricultural production in both the developed and devel ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.