Optimal Global Dynamic Carbon Abatement
... It is almost a commonplace in the economics of climate change that a good response to the challenges posed by global warming would be a harmonized, global tax on greenhouse gas emissions that increases over time, roughly with the discount rate (e.g. Nordhaus, 2007). Many details of such a proposal a ...
... It is almost a commonplace in the economics of climate change that a good response to the challenges posed by global warming would be a harmonized, global tax on greenhouse gas emissions that increases over time, roughly with the discount rate (e.g. Nordhaus, 2007). Many details of such a proposal a ...
3. IPCC`s evaluation of evidence and treatment of uncertainty
... reference period. h Changes in observed extreme high sea level closely follow the changes in average sea level. {5.5} It is very likely that anthropogenic activity contributed to a rise in average sea level. {9.5} i In all scenarios, the projected global average sea level at 2100 is higher than i ...
... reference period. h Changes in observed extreme high sea level closely follow the changes in average sea level. {5.5} It is very likely that anthropogenic activity contributed to a rise in average sea level. {9.5} i In all scenarios, the projected global average sea level at 2100 is higher than i ...
Health effects of climate change: heat related impacts
... ∆T (urban-rural) = 3.2oC (mean UHI intensity) ∆T (urban-rural) = 5.6oC (max UHI intensity) The health impacts of the Urban Heat Island ...
... ∆T (urban-rural) = 3.2oC (mean UHI intensity) ∆T (urban-rural) = 5.6oC (max UHI intensity) The health impacts of the Urban Heat Island ...
Global Change in Local Places: How Scale Matters
... which regional problems become global ones. Global systemic changes are direct changes in the functioning of a global system, as exemplified by effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate system or ozone-depleting gases on the stratosphere. Cumulative global changes are those in which ...
... which regional problems become global ones. Global systemic changes are direct changes in the functioning of a global system, as exemplified by effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate system or ozone-depleting gases on the stratosphere. Cumulative global changes are those in which ...
Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system
... the end of the twenty-first century, depending on the extent to which interactions with the nitrogen cycle stimulate or limit carbon sequestration. This substantially reduces and potentially even eliminates the cooling effect owing to carbon dioxide fertilization of the terrestrial biota. The overal ...
... the end of the twenty-first century, depending on the extent to which interactions with the nitrogen cycle stimulate or limit carbon sequestration. This substantially reduces and potentially even eliminates the cooling effect owing to carbon dioxide fertilization of the terrestrial biota. The overal ...
An Economic Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol
... of the Soviet Union that occurred after 1990 (Tol, 1998). Consequently, these countries will experience a windfall and reap unearned profits. These countries will benefit more from selling emission reduction permits than developing efficient, environmentally friendly policies. Consequently, total ou ...
... of the Soviet Union that occurred after 1990 (Tol, 1998). Consequently, these countries will experience a windfall and reap unearned profits. These countries will benefit more from selling emission reduction permits than developing efficient, environmentally friendly policies. Consequently, total ou ...
Fuelling America`s Climatic Apocalypse
... response to climate change that included the United States. Up until 2000 there had been a steadily moving international response, beginning with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, followed by the December 11, 1997 signing ...
... response to climate change that included the United States. Up until 2000 there had been a steadily moving international response, beginning with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, followed by the December 11, 1997 signing ...
PDF File - Patrick Gonzalez
... of historical changes that are statistically significantly different from natural variability (IPCC, 2001a). Attribution is determination of the relative importance of different factors in causing observed change. If statistical analysis and multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that observed chang ...
... of historical changes that are statistically significantly different from natural variability (IPCC, 2001a). Attribution is determination of the relative importance of different factors in causing observed change. If statistical analysis and multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that observed chang ...
Climate Change Effects on Avian Migration
... was to collect information in order to estimate when the best time to start agricultural activities was. In fact, phenological studies were a part of meteorology, which was a part of physics, and professors of physics were leading the phenology project until the end of 19th century. Data collection ...
... was to collect information in order to estimate when the best time to start agricultural activities was. In fact, phenological studies were a part of meteorology, which was a part of physics, and professors of physics were leading the phenology project until the end of 19th century. Data collection ...
Climate Trends in the Casco Bay Region
... Tropical cyclones have generally grown more intense. Warmer air temperatures and increased water vapor, along with warmer sea-surface temperatures, provide more fuel to tropical storms, increasing their wind speeds (NASA 2015). Warming ocean temperatures could also cause more frequent high-intensity ...
... Tropical cyclones have generally grown more intense. Warmer air temperatures and increased water vapor, along with warmer sea-surface temperatures, provide more fuel to tropical storms, increasing their wind speeds (NASA 2015). Warming ocean temperatures could also cause more frequent high-intensity ...
WMO Strategic Planning
... parameters is very popular in a lot of countries (even written in law). However, current extreme values theories such as e.g. Gumbel approach, Generalized Extreme Values (GEV), Peaks Over Thresholds (POT), rely on the assumption of stationarity of climate. This is no longer the case for a number of ...
... parameters is very popular in a lot of countries (even written in law). However, current extreme values theories such as e.g. Gumbel approach, Generalized Extreme Values (GEV), Peaks Over Thresholds (POT), rely on the assumption of stationarity of climate. This is no longer the case for a number of ...
how big business is funding climate change denial in the 113th
... energy and climate change policies.” In the 201112 Report, Ford said that pursuing the company’s goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector had “improved the fuel economy of our US vehicles by 16.8 percent” since 2006. The CO2 emissions of Ford’s own operations, he adde ...
... energy and climate change policies.” In the 201112 Report, Ford said that pursuing the company’s goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector had “improved the fuel economy of our US vehicles by 16.8 percent” since 2006. The CO2 emissions of Ford’s own operations, he adde ...
Challenges and Opportunities in Water Cycle Research: WCRP
... ensures that water is not conserved and sources of moisture for precipitation may come from the increment and not evapotranspiration. Models generally have a lifetime of water in the atmosphere that is too short, and this affects their ability to transport water vapor onto land while they tend to re ...
... ensures that water is not conserved and sources of moisture for precipitation may come from the increment and not evapotranspiration. Models generally have a lifetime of water in the atmosphere that is too short, and this affects their ability to transport water vapor onto land while they tend to re ...
Three Meanings of Climate Change
... IPCC ... ‘Abrupt climate changes, such as the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the rapid loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet or large-scale changes in ocean circulation systems, are not considered likely to occur in the twenty-first century.’ [IPCC AR4, 2007, p.123] Visual imagery too becomes d ...
... IPCC ... ‘Abrupt climate changes, such as the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the rapid loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet or large-scale changes in ocean circulation systems, are not considered likely to occur in the twenty-first century.’ [IPCC AR4, 2007, p.123] Visual imagery too becomes d ...
Climate Change - Kansas Newspapers in Education
... Carbon is an element that's found all over the world and in every living thing. Oxygen is another element that's in the air we breathe. When carbon and oxygen bond together, they form a colorless, odorless gas called carbon dioxide, which is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas. Whenever we burn fossil fu ...
... Carbon is an element that's found all over the world and in every living thing. Oxygen is another element that's in the air we breathe. When carbon and oxygen bond together, they form a colorless, odorless gas called carbon dioxide, which is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas. Whenever we burn fossil fu ...
Global Warming (AGW): Separating Fact From Fiction
... human-driven climate change and extreme weather events, including an increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves, floods, and bushfires…….Climate change has national and global significance as an issue of public health and safety, and has the potential to cause significant loss of life……..Th ...
... human-driven climate change and extreme weather events, including an increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves, floods, and bushfires…….Climate change has national and global significance as an issue of public health and safety, and has the potential to cause significant loss of life……..Th ...
Chapter 3 - UCLA: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
... • Initially simple patterns become complex [these then feedback on wind field] • Yields chaotic motions • Slight changes in initial conditions yield large changes later Neelin, 2011. Climate Change and Climate Modeling, Cambridge UP ...
... • Initially simple patterns become complex [these then feedback on wind field] • Yields chaotic motions • Slight changes in initial conditions yield large changes later Neelin, 2011. Climate Change and Climate Modeling, Cambridge UP ...
vsi09 cc Feres 10042752 en
... A growing number of scientific studies indicate that the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will lead to higher temperatures. General circulation models suggest that Brazil will warm less rapidly than the global average and that warming will vary by season. Temperature increa ...
... A growing number of scientific studies indicate that the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will lead to higher temperatures. General circulation models suggest that Brazil will warm less rapidly than the global average and that warming will vary by season. Temperature increa ...
Challenges and Opportunities in Water Cycle Research
... ensures that water is not conserved and sources of moisture for precipitation may come from the increment and not evapotranspiration. Models generally have a lifetime of water in the atmosphere that is too short, and this affects their ability to transport water vapor onto land while they tend to re ...
... ensures that water is not conserved and sources of moisture for precipitation may come from the increment and not evapotranspiration. Models generally have a lifetime of water in the atmosphere that is too short, and this affects their ability to transport water vapor onto land while they tend to re ...
MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change
... Solomon et al., 2007) has emphasized the importance of developing climate models with predictive capability. In recent decades considerable effort has been devoted to evaluating state-of-the-art climate models from this point of view. A good summary of this work is given in Chapter 8 of the latest I ...
... Solomon et al., 2007) has emphasized the importance of developing climate models with predictive capability. In recent decades considerable effort has been devoted to evaluating state-of-the-art climate models from this point of view. A good summary of this work is given in Chapter 8 of the latest I ...
Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas
... fractioned by transient temperature gradients arising from abrupt climate change. This fractionated air is preserved in bubbles in glacial ice as a gas-isotope anomaly and thus serves as a gas-phase stratigraphic marker of the temperature–change event in an ice core. This approach circumvents the pr ...
... fractioned by transient temperature gradients arising from abrupt climate change. This fractionated air is preserved in bubbles in glacial ice as a gas-isotope anomaly and thus serves as a gas-phase stratigraphic marker of the temperature–change event in an ice core. This approach circumvents the pr ...
On the Contrary: How to Think About Climate
... Suppose one does accept that the Earth is warming but denies that the primary explanation is human fossil fuel emissions. What would the alternatives be? One alternative is orbital variations; i.e. Milankovitch cycles. The Milankovich cycles are caused by changes in the shape of the Earth's orbit ar ...
... Suppose one does accept that the Earth is warming but denies that the primary explanation is human fossil fuel emissions. What would the alternatives be? One alternative is orbital variations; i.e. Milankovitch cycles. The Milankovich cycles are caused by changes in the shape of the Earth's orbit ar ...
Global warming hiatus
A global warming hiatus, also sometimes referred to as a global warming pause or a global warming slowdown, is a period of relatively little change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such periods are evident in the surface temperature record, along with robust evidence of the long term warming trend.The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006 assertions had been made that this showed that global warming had stopped. A 2009 study showed that decades without warming were not exceptional, and in 2011 a study showed that if allowances were made for known variability, the rising temperature trend continued unabated. There was increased public interest in 2013 in the run-up to publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, and despite concerns that a 15-year period was too short to determine a meaningful trend, the IPCC included a section on a hiatus, which it defined as a much smaller increasing linear trend over the 15 years from 1998 to 2012, than over the 60 years from 1951 to 2012. Various studies examined possible causes of the short term slowdown. Even though the overall climate system had continued to accumulate energy due to Earth's positive energy budget, the available temperature readings at the earth's surface indicated slower rates of increase in surface warming than in the prior decade. Since measurements at the top of the atmosphere show that Earth is receiving more energy than it is radiating back into space, the retained energy should be producing warming in at least one of the five parts of Earth's climate system.A July 2015 paper on the updated NOAA dataset cast doubt on the existence of this supposed hiatus, and found no indication of a slowdown. This analysis incorporated the latest corrections for known biases in ocean temperature measurements, and new land temperature data. Scientists working on other datasets welcomed this study, though the view was expressed that the short term warming trend had been slower than in previous periods of the same length.