Trends of mean temperatures and warm extremes in northern
... Atlantic and Indian basins, while the high-frequency (<8 years) variations should be mostly viewed as a delayed remote impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the region, with warm (cold) anomalies tending to follow warm (cold) ENSO events. ...
... Atlantic and Indian basins, while the high-frequency (<8 years) variations should be mostly viewed as a delayed remote impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the region, with warm (cold) anomalies tending to follow warm (cold) ENSO events. ...
Climate change and the northern Russian treeline zone
... than 68C are generally required for bud formation and other aspects of reproductive development. Successful sexual reproduction can be rare for the dwarf krummholz trees that typify the species limits for conifers, and local propagation is often by vegetative layering. Although growing season condit ...
... than 68C are generally required for bud formation and other aspects of reproductive development. Successful sexual reproduction can be rare for the dwarf krummholz trees that typify the species limits for conifers, and local propagation is often by vegetative layering. Although growing season condit ...
UNDERSTANDING EL NIÑO IN OCEAN–ATMOSPHERE GENERAL
... self-sustained and naturally oscillatory mode of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system. In the second, ENSO is a damped mode externally sustained by atmospheric random “noise” forcing. There are arguments to support both perspectives, and there are studies that suggest that the system may alternate be ...
... self-sustained and naturally oscillatory mode of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system. In the second, ENSO is a damped mode externally sustained by atmospheric random “noise” forcing. There are arguments to support both perspectives, and there are studies that suggest that the system may alternate be ...
The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Cash Crop Farms in
... The impact of climate change and the resulting variation in climate can have a serious impact on the agricultural industry. Defined as a change in the state of the climate, climate change can be continually identified by shifts in the mean or variability of temperature and precipitation (Chen 2011). ...
... The impact of climate change and the resulting variation in climate can have a serious impact on the agricultural industry. Defined as a change in the state of the climate, climate change can be continually identified by shifts in the mean or variability of temperature and precipitation (Chen 2011). ...
Natural Hazards and Climate Change in European Regions
... Regions in South and South East Europe most exposed. The majority of the regions with “high” to “very high” natural hazard exposure are situated in the South and South East of Europe. That is, large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, the South of France, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. High aggreg ...
... Regions in South and South East Europe most exposed. The majority of the regions with “high” to “very high” natural hazard exposure are situated in the South and South East of Europe. That is, large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, the South of France, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. High aggreg ...
Arranging deck chairs on the Titanic
... Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) which trap solar energy in the Earth’s atmosphere, cumulatively contributing to global warming and, ultimately, climate change. 3 In 1992, the United Nations (UN) proposed a framework for dealing with climate change, the United Nations Framework ...
... Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) which trap solar energy in the Earth’s atmosphere, cumulatively contributing to global warming and, ultimately, climate change. 3 In 1992, the United Nations (UN) proposed a framework for dealing with climate change, the United Nations Framework ...
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... be considered that this measure only takes effect after the damaging event, and that is why we have placed it among the reactive measures. But we acknowledge that other interpretations are possible. Also, some of these measures can be considered as autonomous when carried out spontaneously by people ...
... be considered that this measure only takes effect after the damaging event, and that is why we have placed it among the reactive measures. But we acknowledge that other interpretations are possible. Also, some of these measures can be considered as autonomous when carried out spontaneously by people ...
Future Directions - WCRP Strategic Framework
... enabled us to advance our understanding of the way the Earth's climate system works and upgrade continuously the methods and models needed to predict its evolution. In addition, assessments by the WMO/UNEP IPCC would not be possible without significant contributions by many WCRP scientists and group ...
... enabled us to advance our understanding of the way the Earth's climate system works and upgrade continuously the methods and models needed to predict its evolution. In addition, assessments by the WMO/UNEP IPCC would not be possible without significant contributions by many WCRP scientists and group ...
Analyzing Urban Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change: A
... 3) Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Cities The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) demonstrates in the Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 that, as global temperatures rise, several effects could be more frequent, such as extreme weather events and droughts, rapid sea leve ...
... 3) Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Cities The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) demonstrates in the Fourth Assessment Report of 2007 that, as global temperatures rise, several effects could be more frequent, such as extreme weather events and droughts, rapid sea leve ...
Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region
... The authors thank the steering committee of this project, and especially Louis Pitelka, for conceptual guidance and review of the report. Mary Barber, past her call of duty at ESA, and Peter Frumhoff from UCS provided leadership from the two sponsoring organizations. In addition, we appreciate the m ...
... The authors thank the steering committee of this project, and especially Louis Pitelka, for conceptual guidance and review of the report. Mary Barber, past her call of duty at ESA, and Peter Frumhoff from UCS provided leadership from the two sponsoring organizations. In addition, we appreciate the m ...
Annual Transition Statement - Select Organisation
... 7. In terms of putting in place a plan to manage our transition to a low carbon economy and to meet our international and EU targets, a national mitigation plan will be submitted to Government for approval by June 2017 at the latest. The preparation of the plan is designed to be a ‘whole-of-governme ...
... 7. In terms of putting in place a plan to manage our transition to a low carbon economy and to meet our international and EU targets, a national mitigation plan will be submitted to Government for approval by June 2017 at the latest. The preparation of the plan is designed to be a ‘whole-of-governme ...
Framing Strategies to Minimize Impacts on Pennsylvania
... Overview: Climate Change Adaptation in Pennsylvania ...
... Overview: Climate Change Adaptation in Pennsylvania ...
a survey of regional planning for climate adaptation
... The focus on the municipal level reflects the networking of cities through efforts such as ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability U.S.A.’s (ICLEI) Cities for Climate Protection Campaign. The Campaign, which includes an estimated 600 U.S. cities, encourages cities to adopt climate change and su ...
... The focus on the municipal level reflects the networking of cities through efforts such as ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability U.S.A.’s (ICLEI) Cities for Climate Protection Campaign. The Campaign, which includes an estimated 600 U.S. cities, encourages cities to adopt climate change and su ...
Review of relevant assessment processes and their theoretical
... or flowering, timing of migrations, location of nests, rainfall patterns, volumes of melt water and so on. These are indicators familiar to and employed by scientists in the western tradition. In some cases it will be possible to argue that the conclusions of indigenous observations using such indic ...
... or flowering, timing of migrations, location of nests, rainfall patterns, volumes of melt water and so on. These are indicators familiar to and employed by scientists in the western tradition. In some cases it will be possible to argue that the conclusions of indigenous observations using such indic ...
SUBREGIONAL CLIMATE ACTION PLAN ADAPTATION AND
... conditions and most of the built environment was designed to withstand extreme heat.1 In the City of Riverside, for example, the extreme heat day threshold is 100°F. Between 1960 and 1991, the subregion averaged four extreme heat days per year. Climate change is expected to increase overall global t ...
... conditions and most of the built environment was designed to withstand extreme heat.1 In the City of Riverside, for example, the extreme heat day threshold is 100°F. Between 1960 and 1991, the subregion averaged four extreme heat days per year. Climate change is expected to increase overall global t ...
Document
... Real Reductions – Activity must be lower aggregate emissions from an agreed-upon baseline emissions level in the past Permanence – Activity cannot be easily undone (efficiency upgrades, reforestation projects) Quantifiability and Verifiability – Detailed monitoring and verification plan specific to ...
... Real Reductions – Activity must be lower aggregate emissions from an agreed-upon baseline emissions level in the past Permanence – Activity cannot be easily undone (efficiency upgrades, reforestation projects) Quantifiability and Verifiability – Detailed monitoring and verification plan specific to ...
Climate Change and the Transport Sector: Are we
... This necessitates an appropriate level of planning to identify practical measures to assess and manage the effects of climate change. The RTA has prepared guidelines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and plan for physical consequences posed by climate change – namely, the ‘RTA Environmental Impact ...
... This necessitates an appropriate level of planning to identify practical measures to assess and manage the effects of climate change. The RTA has prepared guidelines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and plan for physical consequences posed by climate change – namely, the ‘RTA Environmental Impact ...
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
... Real Reductions – Activity must be lower aggregate emissions from an agreed-upon baseline emissions level in the past Permanence – Activity cannot be easily undone (efficiency upgrades, reforestation projects) Quantifiability and Verifiability – Detailed monitoring and verification plan specific to ...
... Real Reductions – Activity must be lower aggregate emissions from an agreed-upon baseline emissions level in the past Permanence – Activity cannot be easily undone (efficiency upgrades, reforestation projects) Quantifiability and Verifiability – Detailed monitoring and verification plan specific to ...
Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and
... the debate over such complex scientific matters was caught in the communication crossfire between them all, with perceptions and levels of awareness rising and falling with the issue attention cycles in the media.21–25 Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to fre ...
... the debate over such complex scientific matters was caught in the communication crossfire between them all, with perceptions and levels of awareness rising and falling with the issue attention cycles in the media.21–25 Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to fre ...
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... the debate over such complex scientific matters was caught in the communication crossfire between them all, with perceptions and levels of awareness rising and falling with the issue attention cycles in the media.21–25 Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to fre ...
... the debate over such complex scientific matters was caught in the communication crossfire between them all, with perceptions and levels of awareness rising and falling with the issue attention cycles in the media.21–25 Basic understanding of the problem thus remains superficial and vulnerable to fre ...
India - Met Office
... of future changes. These reports complement those published by the IPCC as well as the more detailed climate change and impact studies published nationally. Each report contains: • A description of key features of national weather and climate, including an analysis of new data on extreme events. • A ...
... of future changes. These reports complement those published by the IPCC as well as the more detailed climate change and impact studies published nationally. Each report contains: • A description of key features of national weather and climate, including an analysis of new data on extreme events. • A ...
Warm Arctic*cold continents: climate impacts of the
... constructed to remove frequencies higher than 0.1 cycles per year (black line). The early 20th century warming episode and the recent temperature increase are evident. From Wood et al. (2010). ...
... constructed to remove frequencies higher than 0.1 cycles per year (black line). The early 20th century warming episode and the recent temperature increase are evident. From Wood et al. (2010). ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.