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... The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. The objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions "at a level that would prevent dangerous ...
... The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. The objective of the UNFCCC is to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions "at a level that would prevent dangerous ...
Annual and seasonal mean temperatures in Finland during the
... was the uneven distribution of the available observation stations both in time and space. The uncertainty due to the homogenisation adjustments made earlier was notably smaller. In the mid-1800s, the uncertainty in the annual and seasonal mean temperatures was large, with a maximum in winter of over ...
... was the uneven distribution of the available observation stations both in time and space. The uncertainty due to the homogenisation adjustments made earlier was notably smaller. In the mid-1800s, the uncertainty in the annual and seasonal mean temperatures was large, with a maximum in winter of over ...
Project Concept and PDF-B Document
... Over recent years, consecutive rain failures have sparked debate whether this situation is already a finger print of climate change. A recent analysis of climate models suggests that the average annual temperature is likely to increase by 2.5-3 ˚C, but there is also the possibility that warming coul ...
... Over recent years, consecutive rain failures have sparked debate whether this situation is already a finger print of climate change. A recent analysis of climate models suggests that the average annual temperature is likely to increase by 2.5-3 ˚C, but there is also the possibility that warming coul ...
Tipping elements and climate-economic shocks
... decrease global mean temperature [Bickel and Agrawal, 2012; Moreno-Cruz and Keith, 2012; Keith, 2013; Irvine et al., 2014; Heutel et al., 2015]. Some researchers suggest that SRM might in certain contexts reduce committed changes or slow their realization in a tipping element such as an ice sheet [I ...
... decrease global mean temperature [Bickel and Agrawal, 2012; Moreno-Cruz and Keith, 2012; Keith, 2013; Irvine et al., 2014; Heutel et al., 2015]. Some researchers suggest that SRM might in certain contexts reduce committed changes or slow their realization in a tipping element such as an ice sheet [I ...
PDF
... gas (GHG) emissions are of the same order of magnitude in all models, with moderately lower values in MICA and RICE. Non-cooperative emission reductions a of comparable magnitude in most models (about 10 percent of emissions), and about half of that in RICE. In the social optimum, emissions are stro ...
... gas (GHG) emissions are of the same order of magnitude in all models, with moderately lower values in MICA and RICE. Non-cooperative emission reductions a of comparable magnitude in most models (about 10 percent of emissions), and about half of that in RICE. In the social optimum, emissions are stro ...
Up in smoke? Asia and the Pacific - iied iied
... Summary and overview The human drama of climate change will largely be played out in Asia, where over 60 per cent of the world’s population, around four billion people, live. Over half of those live near the coast, making them directly vulnerable to sea-level rise. Disruption to the region’s water c ...
... Summary and overview The human drama of climate change will largely be played out in Asia, where over 60 per cent of the world’s population, around four billion people, live. Over half of those live near the coast, making them directly vulnerable to sea-level rise. Disruption to the region’s water c ...
The global hydrological cycle and energy budget under climate
... low and CO2 at high latitudes, implying that even if global mean temperature can be stabilized, local anomalies of temperature and precipitation can be substantial in a geoengineered future. Energy budgets calculated for both scenarios show that the meridional atmospheric transport is stronger in so ...
... low and CO2 at high latitudes, implying that even if global mean temperature can be stabilized, local anomalies of temperature and precipitation can be substantial in a geoengineered future. Energy budgets calculated for both scenarios show that the meridional atmospheric transport is stronger in so ...
Valuing National Security: Climate Change, the Military, and Society
... that individuals with certain values or political ideologies are less likely to believe in the existence of scientific consensus about climate change, have positive attitudes toward addressing climate change as an urgent policy matter, and behave in ways that reduce energy use. Connecting climate ch ...
... that individuals with certain values or political ideologies are less likely to believe in the existence of scientific consensus about climate change, have positive attitudes toward addressing climate change as an urgent policy matter, and behave in ways that reduce energy use. Connecting climate ch ...
CIRCE urban heat island simulations
... D11.3.3 Report on the CIRCE urban heat island simulations Project No. 036961 – CIRCE ...
... D11.3.3 Report on the CIRCE urban heat island simulations Project No. 036961 – CIRCE ...
PDF
... a more geographically explicit representation of land. Like GTAP-AEZ, KLUM@GTAP has aggregate land use; but unlike GTAP-AEZ, KLUM@GTAP has spatially disaggregated land use as well. The allocation algorithm of KLUM is scale-independent. In the present coupling, KLUM is calibrated to country-level dat ...
... a more geographically explicit representation of land. Like GTAP-AEZ, KLUM@GTAP has aggregate land use; but unlike GTAP-AEZ, KLUM@GTAP has spatially disaggregated land use as well. The allocation algorithm of KLUM is scale-independent. In the present coupling, KLUM is calibrated to country-level dat ...
US Virgin Islands Climate Change Ecosystem
... restoring “green” infrastructure is much less expensive to maintain than built structures such as dykes or sea walls which can degrade the environment. The Nature Conservancy has worked on many projects around the world that provide the best science and latest knowledge to planners, managers, govern ...
... restoring “green” infrastructure is much less expensive to maintain than built structures such as dykes or sea walls which can degrade the environment. The Nature Conservancy has worked on many projects around the world that provide the best science and latest knowledge to planners, managers, govern ...
Protecting People Displaced by Weather
... floods).1 Slower-onset events linked to climate change, such as drought, changing rainfall patterns, and coastal erosion likely propelled many more people to migrate, although exactly how many we do not know. Problematically, the character of human movement linked to climaterelated events does not a ...
... floods).1 Slower-onset events linked to climate change, such as drought, changing rainfall patterns, and coastal erosion likely propelled many more people to migrate, although exactly how many we do not know. Problematically, the character of human movement linked to climaterelated events does not a ...
The psychology of climate change communication - UvA-DARE
... because it avoids the misleading implications that every region of the world is warming uniformly and that the only dangerous outcome of growing greenhouse gas emissions is higher temperatures, when that, in fact, is just the tipping point for a cascade of changes in the earth’s ecosystems. In addit ...
... because it avoids the misleading implications that every region of the world is warming uniformly and that the only dangerous outcome of growing greenhouse gas emissions is higher temperatures, when that, in fact, is just the tipping point for a cascade of changes in the earth’s ecosystems. In addit ...
Emerging Vibrio risk in the Baltic Sea in response to ocean warming
... Of the warmest 20 years on record (1851-2011) all have been in the last 25 years. Source: University of East Anglia, Climate Research Unit (2011). ...
... Of the warmest 20 years on record (1851-2011) all have been in the last 25 years. Source: University of East Anglia, Climate Research Unit (2011). ...
Science Communication Research
... ! Strategies that scientists can adopt for establishing and maintaining trust among members of the public and policymakers. ! Strategies for identifying and recruiting everyday opinion-‐leaders who are highly skille ...
... ! Strategies that scientists can adopt for establishing and maintaining trust among members of the public and policymakers. ! Strategies for identifying and recruiting everyday opinion-‐leaders who are highly skille ...
Full Report - Focus on Energy
... A2fixCO2 scenario, Wisconsin natural vegetation is projected to lose 18.9 Tg CO2 per year. By 2100AD, this amount increases to 29.7 TgCO2 per year. The amount of carbon lost in the B1 scenario is about 40% of the A2 projections, suggesting a positive feedback in which efforts to mitigate global CO2 ...
... A2fixCO2 scenario, Wisconsin natural vegetation is projected to lose 18.9 Tg CO2 per year. By 2100AD, this amount increases to 29.7 TgCO2 per year. The amount of carbon lost in the B1 scenario is about 40% of the A2 projections, suggesting a positive feedback in which efforts to mitigate global CO2 ...
Adapting to a changing climate
... However, with rapid warming (+ 1°C by AD 2040) and decreased rainfall in eastern regions being predicted for the future (Mullan et al. 2008), a more obvious response to climate change from biodiversity seems likely in the long term (McGlone & Walker 2011). Predicting the direct responses of terrestr ...
... However, with rapid warming (+ 1°C by AD 2040) and decreased rainfall in eastern regions being predicted for the future (Mullan et al. 2008), a more obvious response to climate change from biodiversity seems likely in the long term (McGlone & Walker 2011). Predicting the direct responses of terrestr ...
The Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) contribution
... modeling studies tending to agree that deforestation has led and will lead to cooling in high latitudes and warming in the tropics, with more uncertain changes in the mid-latitudes (e.g., Bonan, 2008; Davin and de Noblet-Ducoudré, 2010; Lee et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Pielke et al., 2011; Swann e ...
... modeling studies tending to agree that deforestation has led and will lead to cooling in high latitudes and warming in the tropics, with more uncertain changes in the mid-latitudes (e.g., Bonan, 2008; Davin and de Noblet-Ducoudré, 2010; Lee et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Pielke et al., 2011; Swann e ...
Linköping University Postprint Technology obscuring equity
... Nevertheless, in the final days of the Kyoto negotiations, the G-77 requested the reintroduction of parts of the Brazilian proposal relating to the compliance measure called the Clean Development Fund (CDF) (Grubb, 1999). This measure stated that if the mitigation commitments of any Annex 1 party we ...
... Nevertheless, in the final days of the Kyoto negotiations, the G-77 requested the reintroduction of parts of the Brazilian proposal relating to the compliance measure called the Clean Development Fund (CDF) (Grubb, 1999). This measure stated that if the mitigation commitments of any Annex 1 party we ...
ARTICLE Potential climate change impacts on temperate forest ecosystem processes
... Abstract: Large changes in atmospheric CO2, temperature, and precipitation are predicted by 2100, yet the long-term consequences for carbon (C), water, and nitrogen (N) cycling in forests are poorly understood. We applied the PnET-CN ecosystem model to compare the long-term effects of changing clima ...
... Abstract: Large changes in atmospheric CO2, temperature, and precipitation are predicted by 2100, yet the long-term consequences for carbon (C), water, and nitrogen (N) cycling in forests are poorly understood. We applied the PnET-CN ecosystem model to compare the long-term effects of changing clima ...
Effects of climate change on an emperor penguin population
... during the nonbreeding season. This includes the maximum foraging distances from the colony, of about 100 km during the breeding season and at least 650 km during the nonbreeding season (Zimmer et al., 2008). As a variable to describe the sea ice conditions, we use the proportional anomalies in SIC, ...
... during the nonbreeding season. This includes the maximum foraging distances from the colony, of about 100 km during the breeding season and at least 650 km during the nonbreeding season (Zimmer et al., 2008). As a variable to describe the sea ice conditions, we use the proportional anomalies in SIC, ...
Adaptation and the Courtroom: Judging Climate Science
... Climate science may be introduced in numerous types of judicial proceedings, each of which is governed by distinct standards for admissibility and weight. This Article deals with two basic types: judicial review of the actions of a federal administrative agency and the civil trial. By statute, agenc ...
... Climate science may be introduced in numerous types of judicial proceedings, each of which is governed by distinct standards for admissibility and weight. This Article deals with two basic types: judicial review of the actions of a federal administrative agency and the civil trial. By statute, agenc ...
Climate change and the natural heritage
... unpredictable with more frequent and more extreme weather events, such as heat waves, heavy rainfall, drought and high winds. Such extreme events are difficult to predict beyond a few days away, especially storms. The severity of these problems in particular places will depend on a variety of local ...
... unpredictable with more frequent and more extreme weather events, such as heat waves, heavy rainfall, drought and high winds. Such extreme events are difficult to predict beyond a few days away, especially storms. The severity of these problems in particular places will depend on a variety of local ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.