Climate Risk and Adaptation Strategy Discussion Paper (DOCX, 6.9
... Bushfire weather conditions Severe weather (storms etc.) Flooding. Over the past 20 years, Maroondah has experienced many climate events that have affected things that the community values. Many of the risks we face are not new, but their duration, frequency and severity will change. ...
... Bushfire weather conditions Severe weather (storms etc.) Flooding. Over the past 20 years, Maroondah has experienced many climate events that have affected things that the community values. Many of the risks we face are not new, but their duration, frequency and severity will change. ...
Potential climate-change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay
... emissions (Fig. 2), but also because of poorly understood feedbacks between climate and the carbon cycle. However, it is virtually certain that CO2 levels will continue to increase throughout the 21st century. Surface water CO2 changes are expected to closely track atmospheric CO2 changes, leading t ...
... emissions (Fig. 2), but also because of poorly understood feedbacks between climate and the carbon cycle. However, it is virtually certain that CO2 levels will continue to increase throughout the 21st century. Surface water CO2 changes are expected to closely track atmospheric CO2 changes, leading t ...
Constructing Sea-Level Scenarios for Impact and Adaptation
... combined to obtain the error for the difference (adapted from Figure 5.21 in BINDOFF et al., 2007).... 6 Figure 4: Global average sea-level rise projections and uncertainties (5 to 95% ranges) 2090 to 2099 (relative to 1980 to 1999) for the six SRES marker scenarios. Contributions from the individua ...
... combined to obtain the error for the difference (adapted from Figure 5.21 in BINDOFF et al., 2007).... 6 Figure 4: Global average sea-level rise projections and uncertainties (5 to 95% ranges) 2090 to 2099 (relative to 1980 to 1999) for the six SRES marker scenarios. Contributions from the individua ...
A comment on climate change, conflict and forced migration
... While weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, climate is the average state of weather over time and space. Mean temperature and the seasonal cycle in temperature over large areas are the clearest signals of change in the climate. Another important indicator is the amount and pattern of ra ...
... While weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, climate is the average state of weather over time and space. Mean temperature and the seasonal cycle in temperature over large areas are the clearest signals of change in the climate. Another important indicator is the amount and pattern of ra ...
Reconstruction of Summer Temperatures in Interior Alaska from
... and upland white spruce on low-elevation sites occupies both the warm and dry margin of the climatic range for the species (Thompson et al., 2000). Potential evapotranspiration during the growing season is often greater than annual precipitation (Patric and Black, 1968). In such environments, evapot ...
... and upland white spruce on low-elevation sites occupies both the warm and dry margin of the climatic range for the species (Thompson et al., 2000). Potential evapotranspiration during the growing season is often greater than annual precipitation (Patric and Black, 1968). In such environments, evapot ...
Celebrating 20 years of The Montreal Protocol
... one gigatonne over 1990 levels mandated under the Kyoto Protocol, or two gigatonnes from what the 2010 levels would be if emissions has been allowed to grow unchecked. It could, they add, contribute even more, since some of the alternative chemicals to CFCs, such as HCFCs and HFCs, also have climate ...
... one gigatonne over 1990 levels mandated under the Kyoto Protocol, or two gigatonnes from what the 2010 levels would be if emissions has been allowed to grow unchecked. It could, they add, contribute even more, since some of the alternative chemicals to CFCs, such as HCFCs and HFCs, also have climate ...
Impacts of climate-related geo-engineering on biological
... Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/299/5615/2005.abstract Large, abrupt, and widespread climate changes with major impacts have occurred repeatedly in the past, when the Earth system was forced across thresholds. Although abrupt climate changes can occur for many reasons, it is conceiva ...
... Available at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/299/5615/2005.abstract Large, abrupt, and widespread climate changes with major impacts have occurred repeatedly in the past, when the Earth system was forced across thresholds. Although abrupt climate changes can occur for many reasons, it is conceiva ...
The Psychological Distance of Climate Change
... been using the terms “scepticism” and “uncertainty” interchangeably and, to compound confusion, there is also uncertainty over scepticism, for example, perceived agreement amongst scientists, and scepticism over uncertainty, for example, perceptions of what is knowable about the future. Here, we wil ...
... been using the terms “scepticism” and “uncertainty” interchangeably and, to compound confusion, there is also uncertainty over scepticism, for example, perceived agreement amongst scientists, and scepticism over uncertainty, for example, perceptions of what is knowable about the future. Here, we wil ...
DAYCENT National-Scale Simulations of Nitrous Oxide Emissions
... agricultural sector were based entirely on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1997) emission factor methodology. However, the 2005 inventory includes N2O emission estimates generated by the DAYCENT ecosystem model. This paper describes the methodology used to estimate N2O emissions fro ...
... agricultural sector were based entirely on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1997) emission factor methodology. However, the 2005 inventory includes N2O emission estimates generated by the DAYCENT ecosystem model. This paper describes the methodology used to estimate N2O emissions fro ...
Central Mekong Delta Region Connectivity Project
... assessment and identifying appropriate and promising adaptation responses. This publication is an important contribution to the case study literature on adaptation. The transport sector is potentially among the most vulnerable to projected changes in climate variables, and this report illustrates th ...
... assessment and identifying appropriate and promising adaptation responses. This publication is an important contribution to the case study literature on adaptation. The transport sector is potentially among the most vulnerable to projected changes in climate variables, and this report illustrates th ...
PDF sample
... identified by changes in the mean or the variability of its properties over decades or longer. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has also identified climate change as a change of climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition ...
... identified by changes in the mean or the variability of its properties over decades or longer. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has also identified climate change as a change of climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition ...
IJGW-Article "Limits to autonomous adaptation in response to
... p.64]. It is estimated that the mean global sea level will continue to rise over the course of the 21st century, with some studies suggesting faster global rates of sea-level rise (ibid.). In most SIDS, the majority of people live on the narrow coastal plains. On the Pacific islands SIDS, more than ...
... p.64]. It is estimated that the mean global sea level will continue to rise over the course of the 21st century, with some studies suggesting faster global rates of sea-level rise (ibid.). In most SIDS, the majority of people live on the narrow coastal plains. On the Pacific islands SIDS, more than ...
climate change WG II
... or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected. Vulnerability: The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity ...
... or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected. Vulnerability: The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity ...
Climate change in the Arctic: current and future
... influenced by an individual’s knowledge of the environment, past experience, time constraints, and access to appropriate technology. Table 1 demonstrates how exposure varies according to the nature of harvesting in Arctic Bay and Igloolik. A combination of changing climatic conditions, superimposed ...
... influenced by an individual’s knowledge of the environment, past experience, time constraints, and access to appropriate technology. Table 1 demonstrates how exposure varies according to the nature of harvesting in Arctic Bay and Igloolik. A combination of changing climatic conditions, superimposed ...
Migration in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climate
... In the mid-1930s, the combined impacts of economic recession, falling commodity prices, and prolonged droughts stimulated large-scale migrations in many areas of North America’s Great Plains. One of these, colloquially referred to as the ‘Dust Bowl Migration’, saw the movement of hundreds of thousan ...
... In the mid-1930s, the combined impacts of economic recession, falling commodity prices, and prolonged droughts stimulated large-scale migrations in many areas of North America’s Great Plains. One of these, colloquially referred to as the ‘Dust Bowl Migration’, saw the movement of hundreds of thousan ...
A Shift in Western Tropical Pacific Sea Level Trends during the 1990s
... 3.8, 21.2 6 4.3, and 21.0 6 3.5 mm yr21. While negative trends occur at each station after 1993, they are not more than two standard deviations separated from the long-term, pre-1993 trends. In particular, the recent NEP negative trends appear to be strongly influenced by a decadal high in sea level ...
... 3.8, 21.2 6 4.3, and 21.0 6 3.5 mm yr21. While negative trends occur at each station after 1993, they are not more than two standard deviations separated from the long-term, pre-1993 trends. In particular, the recent NEP negative trends appear to be strongly influenced by a decadal high in sea level ...
Integrating Climate Change into Strategic Environmental Assessment in Ireland A Guidance Note
... climate change. One of the key responses is to integrate (or mainstream) climate change into all levels of decision making including policies, plans and programmes and strategies (PPPS). The European Commission (EC) describes mainstreaming as the functional integration of climate change mitigation a ...
... climate change. One of the key responses is to integrate (or mainstream) climate change into all levels of decision making including policies, plans and programmes and strategies (PPPS). The European Commission (EC) describes mainstreaming as the functional integration of climate change mitigation a ...
Attributing mortality from extreme temperatures to climate change in
... mortality; however, the approach taken here incorporates duration and corresponds to the estimates from an average duration above the defined threshold. Analyses of changes in the number of extreme events did not take into account changes in the intensity of these events. Ref. 38 reports increasing ...
... mortality; however, the approach taken here incorporates duration and corresponds to the estimates from an average duration above the defined threshold. Analyses of changes in the number of extreme events did not take into account changes in the intensity of these events. Ref. 38 reports increasing ...
Two hundred fifty years of aerosols and climate: the end of the age
... its associated reference scenario. While aerosols have had a substantial impact on climate over the past century, we show that, by the end of the 21st century, aerosols will likely be only a minor contributor to radiative forcing due to increases in greenhouse gas forcing and a net global decrease i ...
... its associated reference scenario. While aerosols have had a substantial impact on climate over the past century, we show that, by the end of the 21st century, aerosols will likely be only a minor contributor to radiative forcing due to increases in greenhouse gas forcing and a net global decrease i ...
Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean
... LIA reflects a response to natural volcanic and solar forcing15–17 , and if anything this surface cooling strengthened the AMOC at least during the first part of the LIA. The fact that LIA coldness seems to have been even more pronounced in South America than in Europe18 further argues against a wea ...
... LIA reflects a response to natural volcanic and solar forcing15–17 , and if anything this surface cooling strengthened the AMOC at least during the first part of the LIA. The fact that LIA coldness seems to have been even more pronounced in South America than in Europe18 further argues against a wea ...
Asia - IPCC
... including developing water-saving technologies, increasing water productivity, and water reuse. The impacts of climate change on food production and food security in Asia will vary by region, with many regions to experience a decline in productivity (medium confidence). {24.4.4} This is evident in t ...
... including developing water-saving technologies, increasing water productivity, and water reuse. The impacts of climate change on food production and food security in Asia will vary by region, with many regions to experience a decline in productivity (medium confidence). {24.4.4} This is evident in t ...
Summary for Policymakers
... or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected. Vulnerability: The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity ...
... or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected. Vulnerability: The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity ...
Forests and climate change after Lima: Perspectives from the Asia-Pacific region
... a signatory to the Convention on Climate Change. The momentum is growing to address climate change by reducing atmospheric GHG emissions. Towards this aim, the first Conference of Parties (COP) was held in Berlin in 1995 and Parties continued to negotiate on their commitments which led to the Kyoto ...
... a signatory to the Convention on Climate Change. The momentum is growing to address climate change by reducing atmospheric GHG emissions. Towards this aim, the first Conference of Parties (COP) was held in Berlin in 1995 and Parties continued to negotiate on their commitments which led to the Kyoto ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.