Loss and Damage: The Role of Ecosystem Services
... Climate change is increasing the risk of loss and damage from extreme weather and slow onset events. Loss and damage has become a major policy issue as identified in the 2015 Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris Agreement’s Article 8 sta ...
... Climate change is increasing the risk of loss and damage from extreme weather and slow onset events. Loss and damage has become a major policy issue as identified in the 2015 Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris Agreement’s Article 8 sta ...
the compendium of adaptation models for climate
... Adaptation is essential to decreasing the current and unavoidable impacts from climate change. The net benefits of adaptation are experienced earlier than those of mitigations as they are immediate (Berkhout, 2005). While mitigation measures can be implemented now, the residence time (atmospheric li ...
... Adaptation is essential to decreasing the current and unavoidable impacts from climate change. The net benefits of adaptation are experienced earlier than those of mitigations as they are immediate (Berkhout, 2005). While mitigation measures can be implemented now, the residence time (atmospheric li ...
Full Report
... estimates of the physical and biological effects of climate change at the regional level are difficult. Confidence in regional estimates of critical climate factors is low, particularly of precipitation and soil moisture. Much more research is needed to refine the estimates of potential impacts and ...
... estimates of the physical and biological effects of climate change at the regional level are difficult. Confidence in regional estimates of critical climate factors is low, particularly of precipitation and soil moisture. Much more research is needed to refine the estimates of potential impacts and ...
Arctic Academy Programme (ARKTIKO) 2014 – 2018 Project
... the whole Arctic with a high-resolution submodel for the Kara Sea. The ship traffic information is obtained through satellite-received AIS (Automatic Identification System) data. AIS is mandatory for all commercial vessels, and the data messages include, among other things, the position, speed and n ...
... the whole Arctic with a high-resolution submodel for the Kara Sea. The ship traffic information is obtained through satellite-received AIS (Automatic Identification System) data. AIS is mandatory for all commercial vessels, and the data messages include, among other things, the position, speed and n ...
Vulnerability of Tasmania`s Natural Environment to Climate Change
... Climate change is a global issue and Tasmania, like other parts of Australia, is already showing evidence of change. Much of Tasmania has experienced a warming in average maximum temperatures since the 1970’s, accompanied by strong decreases in rainfall. Sea level has risen 10-20 cm in the last cent ...
... Climate change is a global issue and Tasmania, like other parts of Australia, is already showing evidence of change. Much of Tasmania has experienced a warming in average maximum temperatures since the 1970’s, accompanied by strong decreases in rainfall. Sea level has risen 10-20 cm in the last cent ...
Regional Climate Information – Evaluation and Projections
... Evaluation of present day climate simulations is important because, even though a good simulation of present day climate does not necessarily imply a more accurate simulation of future climate change (see also Chapter 13), confidence in the realism of a model’s response to an anomalous climate forci ...
... Evaluation of present day climate simulations is important because, even though a good simulation of present day climate does not necessarily imply a more accurate simulation of future climate change (see also Chapter 13), confidence in the realism of a model’s response to an anomalous climate forci ...
Paying for Mitigation: A Multiple Country Study
... temperature increases will depend on the amount of future global CO2 emissions. More specifically, if CO2 emissions are reduced from current emission levels by 30%, 60%, or 85% in 2050, then the temperature increase will be limited to 4°F, 3°F, or 2°F, respectively. If the world instead does not red ...
... temperature increases will depend on the amount of future global CO2 emissions. More specifically, if CO2 emissions are reduced from current emission levels by 30%, 60%, or 85% in 2050, then the temperature increase will be limited to 4°F, 3°F, or 2°F, respectively. If the world instead does not red ...
Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom
... atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may 2 be between 525 parts per million (Low Emissions scenario) and 810 parts per million (High Emissions). This represents an increase from the average 1961-1990 concentration of 334 parts per million of between 57 and 143 per cent, and is between almost tw ...
... atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may 2 be between 525 parts per million (Low Emissions scenario) and 810 parts per million (High Emissions). This represents an increase from the average 1961-1990 concentration of 334 parts per million of between 57 and 143 per cent, and is between almost tw ...
Slow science: the value of long ocean biogeochemistry records
... oceans in the form of climate change, overfishing and eutrophication. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions continue to rise at a rate of approximately 2.5–3% year on year [4], which is at the upper end of projected emissions in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios [5]. Details of th ...
... oceans in the form of climate change, overfishing and eutrophication. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions continue to rise at a rate of approximately 2.5–3% year on year [4], which is at the upper end of projected emissions in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios [5]. Details of th ...
Child Rights and Climate Change Adaptation: Voices from Kenya and Cambodia
... (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) – The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international human rights convention ratified by 193 ...
... (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) – The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international human rights convention ratified by 193 ...
Sensitivity of Northern Peatland Carbon
... occur where mean annual temperatures are between -12° and 5°C and mean annual precipitation is between 200 and 1000 mm. This distribution spans most of the climate domain of the boreal ecoregion (Plate 2). Peatlands are often abundant in regions that receive <500 mm of mean annual precipitation, whi ...
... occur where mean annual temperatures are between -12° and 5°C and mean annual precipitation is between 200 and 1000 mm. This distribution spans most of the climate domain of the boreal ecoregion (Plate 2). Peatlands are often abundant in regions that receive <500 mm of mean annual precipitation, whi ...
Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on the Built Environment
... chemical storage facility, or a nuclear power plant, dangerous materials could be released into the environment. Similarly, rising groundwater levels would have implications for the design of landfills and underground storage facilities, as additional measures may be required to prevent water contam ...
... chemical storage facility, or a nuclear power plant, dangerous materials could be released into the environment. Similarly, rising groundwater levels would have implications for the design of landfills and underground storage facilities, as additional measures may be required to prevent water contam ...
pdf proof
... the active microbial community functions at high biochemical efficiency and microorganisms with relatively high maintenance costs contribute little to the total activity. High efficiency values may also indicate additional energy sources (for example, from oxalate or formate23 ), or direct incorpora ...
... the active microbial community functions at high biochemical efficiency and microorganisms with relatively high maintenance costs contribute little to the total activity. High efficiency values may also indicate additional energy sources (for example, from oxalate or formate23 ), or direct incorpora ...
mitigating climate change in the tea sector
... the world’s lowest rate of greenhouse gas emissions per person. Higher temperatures, variations in rainfall patterns and more frequently occurring extreme climate events are threatening food security. As a result, farmers are now finding themselves in a race to adapt to the changing climate. In addi ...
... the world’s lowest rate of greenhouse gas emissions per person. Higher temperatures, variations in rainfall patterns and more frequently occurring extreme climate events are threatening food security. As a result, farmers are now finding themselves in a race to adapt to the changing climate. In addi ...
High Resolution Version - American Meteorological Society
... from a climate perspective is the most extensive yet with 33 different research groups exploring the causes of 29 different events that occurred in 2014. A number of this year’s studies indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased the likelihood and intensity for extreme heat waves in ...
... from a climate perspective is the most extensive yet with 33 different research groups exploring the causes of 29 different events that occurred in 2014. A number of this year’s studies indicate that human-caused climate change greatly increased the likelihood and intensity for extreme heat waves in ...
Climate Projections for Metro Vancouver
... Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) RCPs describe potential 21st century scenarios of GHG emissions, atmospheric GHG concentrations, air pollutant emissions, and land use. These RCPs are used for making projections, and are based on the factors that drive anthropogenic GHG emissions: popula ...
... Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) RCPs describe potential 21st century scenarios of GHG emissions, atmospheric GHG concentrations, air pollutant emissions, and land use. These RCPs are used for making projections, and are based on the factors that drive anthropogenic GHG emissions: popula ...
Drivers of Biodiversity Loss
... it is not possible to come up with a single metric that encompasses even the three coarse levels of organisation listed above. The easiest things to measure are extent/quality of natural habitat and species richness and these have therefore become the most common metrics used to quantify biodiversit ...
... it is not possible to come up with a single metric that encompasses even the three coarse levels of organisation listed above. The easiest things to measure are extent/quality of natural habitat and species richness and these have therefore become the most common metrics used to quantify biodiversit ...
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) publication: Rising to the Urgent
... We have classified you as an "other-use" requester. As such, we may charge you for some of our search and duplication costs, but we will not charge you for our review costs; you are also entitled to up to 2 hours of search time and 100 pages of photocopies (or an equivalent volume) for free. See 43 ...
... We have classified you as an "other-use" requester. As such, we may charge you for some of our search and duplication costs, but we will not charge you for our review costs; you are also entitled to up to 2 hours of search time and 100 pages of photocopies (or an equivalent volume) for free. See 43 ...
FINAL 2014 2015 Annual Progress Report
... near-routine observations from satellites (e.g., altimeters) and profiler drifters (e.g., the Argo float system), a much higher density of observations is possible and ocean data assimilation has become a practical proposition. This is important because it is the initial state of the ocean, and not ...
... near-routine observations from satellites (e.g., altimeters) and profiler drifters (e.g., the Argo float system), a much higher density of observations is possible and ocean data assimilation has become a practical proposition. This is important because it is the initial state of the ocean, and not ...
Impacts of climate change on disadvantaged UK coastal communities
... people and youth outmigration. From an economic perspective, coastal areas are often characterised by fragile economic conditions, including low incomes, high average unemployment rates, high numbers of people claiming incapacity benefit, seasonal employment (attracting transient populations) and pr ...
... people and youth outmigration. From an economic perspective, coastal areas are often characterised by fragile economic conditions, including low incomes, high average unemployment rates, high numbers of people claiming incapacity benefit, seasonal employment (attracting transient populations) and pr ...
PDF
... Climate change is expected to affect food security and farm income in sub-Saharan Africa through its relationship to crop productivity. IPCC (2007) projects temperatures across Africa to increase 3-4°C over the course of this century (about one and a half times greater than the expected global tempe ...
... Climate change is expected to affect food security and farm income in sub-Saharan Africa through its relationship to crop productivity. IPCC (2007) projects temperatures across Africa to increase 3-4°C over the course of this century (about one and a half times greater than the expected global tempe ...
Beyond Known Worlds: Climate Change Governance by Arbitral
... With temperatures constantly rising since the industrial revolution, climate change has brought extreme heat waves, ...
... With temperatures constantly rising since the industrial revolution, climate change has brought extreme heat waves, ...
Using the past to understand the future
... There have been many attempts to place the present and projected global climate change into an historical context (eg Crowley32). However, most of these attempts are undertaken by palaeoclimatologists interested in the comparisons of rates and magnitudes of physical change, but not the corresponding ...
... There have been many attempts to place the present and projected global climate change into an historical context (eg Crowley32). However, most of these attempts are undertaken by palaeoclimatologists interested in the comparisons of rates and magnitudes of physical change, but not the corresponding ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.