4. Financial transfers and adaptation in the South
... Mitigation capital is long-lived so that the choice of mj determines emissions over both periods. Emissions are proportional to output, that is, ejt = σj(mj)yjt, where σj(mj) can be interpreted as the emission-to-output ratio. We assume that mitigation investment has decreasing returns (equivalently ...
... Mitigation capital is long-lived so that the choice of mj determines emissions over both periods. Emissions are proportional to output, that is, ejt = σj(mj)yjt, where σj(mj) can be interpreted as the emission-to-output ratio. We assume that mitigation investment has decreasing returns (equivalently ...
Expect Above Average Temperatures: Identifying the Economic
... expectation of a stream of profits, and the envelope theorem may apply to annual profits if a particular setting has weak intertemporal linkages. However, as described above, the literature has studied many more dependent variables, including gross domestic product, productivity, health, energy use, ...
... expectation of a stream of profits, and the envelope theorem may apply to annual profits if a particular setting has weak intertemporal linkages. However, as described above, the literature has studied many more dependent variables, including gross domestic product, productivity, health, energy use, ...
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for the Treaty of Olympia
... Chapter 2: Regional Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 3: Terrestrial Environment ............................................................................... ...
... Chapter 2: Regional Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 3: Terrestrial Environment ............................................................................... ...
How the Great Barrier Reef and its industries can adapt to climate
... 4. Four alternative scenarios for the future of the Reef and its industries: summaries .................................. 9 1a Paradise perturbed ................................................................................................................................... 9 1b Reef relief ..... ...
... 4. Four alternative scenarios for the future of the Reef and its industries: summaries .................................. 9 1a Paradise perturbed ................................................................................................................................... 9 1b Reef relief ..... ...
Estimating Future Costs for Alaska Public Infrastructure - ISER
... that average annual temperatures around Alaska increased from 2 degrees to 5 degrees Fahrenheit from 1949 to 2005. Climate models project that both temperature and precipitation will continue increasing in Alaska. The recent climate change was more pronounced in the Arctic than it was elsewhere— and ...
... that average annual temperatures around Alaska increased from 2 degrees to 5 degrees Fahrenheit from 1949 to 2005. Climate models project that both temperature and precipitation will continue increasing in Alaska. The recent climate change was more pronounced in the Arctic than it was elsewhere— and ...
Effects of climate change on an emperor penguin population
... results as functions of ”annual sea ice” and ”seasonal difference in sea ice”, two variables that ...
... results as functions of ”annual sea ice” and ”seasonal difference in sea ice”, two variables that ...
An Earth-System Prediction Initiative for the 21st Century
... information on the development of El Niño/La Niña and their influence on regional weather, such as shifts in the North Pacific storm track. Assessments and projections of global temperature, sea level, ice and precipitation over decades to centuries were critical in establishing human influences on ...
... information on the development of El Niño/La Niña and their influence on regional weather, such as shifts in the North Pacific storm track. Assessments and projections of global temperature, sea level, ice and precipitation over decades to centuries were critical in establishing human influences on ...
Assessing the Impacts of Land Cover Change on
... This explains the dry season response in both temperature extremes and the increase in aridity according to land use/cover change, whereby regions with increased wind speed reduce warm day temperature extremes, despite increasing mean temperature trend, and have a greater impact on atmospheric water ...
... This explains the dry season response in both temperature extremes and the increase in aridity according to land use/cover change, whereby regions with increased wind speed reduce warm day temperature extremes, despite increasing mean temperature trend, and have a greater impact on atmospheric water ...
Working with Nature to Tackle Climate Change
... Several aspects of the interrelationship between biodiversity and climate change are relevant to the tasks of the ENCA Network5 and its members. There is a growing body of literature and discussion on all of these, and it is not our intention to repeat what has already been said. Rather, we have sou ...
... Several aspects of the interrelationship between biodiversity and climate change are relevant to the tasks of the ENCA Network5 and its members. There is a growing body of literature and discussion on all of these, and it is not our intention to repeat what has already been said. Rather, we have sou ...
Global Public Goods
... paper, it would, in many instances, be necessary to develop additional indicators. Yet, impact assessments of the agreed-upon international cooperation commitments would frequently show that one particular international cooperation effort can help achieve multiple goals. To stay with the internation ...
... paper, it would, in many instances, be necessary to develop additional indicators. Yet, impact assessments of the agreed-upon international cooperation commitments would frequently show that one particular international cooperation effort can help achieve multiple goals. To stay with the internation ...
PDF
... drier and experience more extreme weather conditions, particularly droughts and floods, although there would be variations within the region with some countries experiencing wetter than average climate. Agricultural production remains the main source of livelihoods for most rural communities in deve ...
... drier and experience more extreme weather conditions, particularly droughts and floods, although there would be variations within the region with some countries experiencing wetter than average climate. Agricultural production remains the main source of livelihoods for most rural communities in deve ...
South Asia Disaster Report 2010 UNISDR
... and environment sensitive and inclusive. Climate change is the recent concern which is expected to affect the frequency and magnitude of hazards, as well as generate new hazards. This publication will look at the added dimension that this brings into addressing the disaster scenario. Given the almos ...
... and environment sensitive and inclusive. Climate change is the recent concern which is expected to affect the frequency and magnitude of hazards, as well as generate new hazards. This publication will look at the added dimension that this brings into addressing the disaster scenario. Given the almos ...
Climate Change and Conservation: A Primer for Assessing Impacts
... change. Some of these projects work closely with local (human) communities while others are only involved more secondarily or indirectly with people. Although our strategic emphasis in the future will be on adaptation strategies that benefit both nature (biodiversity) and people, the methods, too ...
... change. Some of these projects work closely with local (human) communities while others are only involved more secondarily or indirectly with people. Although our strategic emphasis in the future will be on adaptation strategies that benefit both nature (biodiversity) and people, the methods, too ...
Climate Change Adaptation Discussion Paper MS Word
... d. Delivers benefits under multiple futures. Again to respond to uncertainty, we will seek to deliver solutions that provide us benefits on a range of different potential futures. Our action should deliver benefits under a number of climate impacts, these might include, for example if it floods, or ...
... d. Delivers benefits under multiple futures. Again to respond to uncertainty, we will seek to deliver solutions that provide us benefits on a range of different potential futures. Our action should deliver benefits under a number of climate impacts, these might include, for example if it floods, or ...
lights out for the reef
... and marine organisms like sea snails use to make their skeletons. Since pre-industrial times ocean carbonate levels have dropped by twenty-five per cent. ...
... and marine organisms like sea snails use to make their skeletons. Since pre-industrial times ocean carbonate levels have dropped by twenty-five per cent. ...
Riparian Ecosystems in the 21st Century: Hotspots for Climate
... result in impacts, typically in the absence of adaptation (Figure 1; Füssel and Klein 2006). Riparian ecosystems can be considered to be highly sensitive to changes in climatic stimuli because their major components and processes tend to be strongly influenced by the climate variables that are most ...
... result in impacts, typically in the absence of adaptation (Figure 1; Füssel and Klein 2006). Riparian ecosystems can be considered to be highly sensitive to changes in climatic stimuli because their major components and processes tend to be strongly influenced by the climate variables that are most ...
Guide to Climate Change Risk Assessment for NSW
... challenging their ability to maintain infrastructure and provide essential services to their communities. While many councils have been actively pursuing strategies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, there is some evidence to suggest they have only recently begun to prepare for projected chan ...
... challenging their ability to maintain infrastructure and provide essential services to their communities. While many councils have been actively pursuing strategies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, there is some evidence to suggest they have only recently begun to prepare for projected chan ...
Optimal intensity targets for greenhouse gas emissions
... between deviations of GDP from trend and deviations of emissions from fossil fuel combustion from trend, for 23 of the 30 largest emitting countries over the period 1971–2000. The strength of the correlation varies greatly between countries, with a mean and median around one. Thus, in most countries ...
... between deviations of GDP from trend and deviations of emissions from fossil fuel combustion from trend, for 23 of the 30 largest emitting countries over the period 1971–2000. The strength of the correlation varies greatly between countries, with a mean and median around one. Thus, in most countries ...
Climate Change and the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary
... change, related to higher or lower streamflow, sea level rise, larger waves, or changes in the magnitude, intensity or location of storms are likely to influence freshwater and nearshore and shallow water habitats most directly. In all cases, though, there was no clear trend related to these changes ...
... change, related to higher or lower streamflow, sea level rise, larger waves, or changes in the magnitude, intensity or location of storms are likely to influence freshwater and nearshore and shallow water habitats most directly. In all cases, though, there was no clear trend related to these changes ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.