resPoNse oF alPINe PlaNt CoMMUNItY to sIMUlateD ClIMate
... work above 3600 m, there were wide data gaps during non-growing season from October to May. Thus, climate factors were calculated and assumed to be equal at the same elevation during growing season from June to September. Soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (Total N) were sampled in August ...
... work above 3600 m, there were wide data gaps during non-growing season from October to May. Thus, climate factors were calculated and assumed to be equal at the same elevation during growing season from June to September. Soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (Total N) were sampled in August ...
HRM Climate SMART Community Action Guide to Climate Change
... methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorine-based gases. These gases affect our ozone layer and remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years after they have been emitted. Source: Government of Canada ...
... methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorine-based gases. These gases affect our ozone layer and remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years after they have been emitted. Source: Government of Canada ...
What`s In A Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change
... These diverse results strongly suggest that global warming and climate change are used differently and mean different things in the minds of many Americans. Scientists often prefer the term climate change for technical reasons, but should be aware that the two terms generate different interpretation ...
... These diverse results strongly suggest that global warming and climate change are used differently and mean different things in the minds of many Americans. Scientists often prefer the term climate change for technical reasons, but should be aware that the two terms generate different interpretation ...
Sample Chapter - Brookings Institution
... percent, methane levels have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide levels have climbed by 15 to 20 percent.2 This rate of increase has been particularly dramatic in recent decades, owing to population growth and continuing changes in economic development and transportation. In the event that no polic ...
... percent, methane levels have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide levels have climbed by 15 to 20 percent.2 This rate of increase has been particularly dramatic in recent decades, owing to population growth and continuing changes in economic development and transportation. In the event that no polic ...
The Human Condition in the Anthropocene
... supposed to understand them all, to check their statements understandingly as best as he can, to gain an over-all insight and to judge them, in his turn, on an over-all basis.” But “where is this complete man?” asks Jaspers, and answers: “He is e very individual including the lecturing specialist ...
... supposed to understand them all, to check their statements understandingly as best as he can, to gain an over-all insight and to judge them, in his turn, on an over-all basis.” But “where is this complete man?” asks Jaspers, and answers: “He is e very individual including the lecturing specialist ...
Causes of exceptional atmospheric circulation changes in the
... trend in the SAM begins at least a decade before any ozone loss. Furthermore, Kushner et al. [2001] show that the largest seasonal response to greenhouse gas increases in another GCM is also in summer. Therefore we conclude that increases in greenhouse gases are an important component of the forcing ...
... trend in the SAM begins at least a decade before any ozone loss. Furthermore, Kushner et al. [2001] show that the largest seasonal response to greenhouse gas increases in another GCM is also in summer. Therefore we conclude that increases in greenhouse gases are an important component of the forcing ...
Paving_the_Road_to_Paris_v2
... which would have meant promising to ramp up ambition should other countries be willing to follow suit. And yet, there is an unprecedented momentum for action on climate change, which suddenly makes European “fantasies” of five years ago seem attainable. The new Intended Nationally Determined Contrib ...
... which would have meant promising to ramp up ambition should other countries be willing to follow suit. And yet, there is an unprecedented momentum for action on climate change, which suddenly makes European “fantasies” of five years ago seem attainable. The new Intended Nationally Determined Contrib ...
2.3 Climate Scenarios
... • Assuming future climate may be repeated as climate in a specified period in the past. ...
... • Assuming future climate may be repeated as climate in a specified period in the past. ...
Climate Change Policy: Actions and Barriers in New Zealand
... Smaller sources grew markedly also. Significant emissions growth occurred between 1990 and 2006 in industry (18%) and electricity generation (91%). Emissions however were dominated by transport and agriculture – and within those sectors, by motor cars and dairying. The Outlook for Emissions NZ repor ...
... Smaller sources grew markedly also. Significant emissions growth occurred between 1990 and 2006 in industry (18%) and electricity generation (91%). Emissions however were dominated by transport and agriculture – and within those sectors, by motor cars and dairying. The Outlook for Emissions NZ repor ...
Reduced solar activity as a trigger for the start of the Younger Dryas?
... a shallower THC and in surface cooling that would be less than in the case of a shutdown. This would be consistent with ocean core evidence for N Atlantic ventilation during the YD (Charles and Fairbanks, 1992) and with climate modelling (Rahmstorf, 1994). However, a shallower THC would mean less su ...
... a shallower THC and in surface cooling that would be less than in the case of a shutdown. This would be consistent with ocean core evidence for N Atlantic ventilation during the YD (Charles and Fairbanks, 1992) and with climate modelling (Rahmstorf, 1994). However, a shallower THC would mean less su ...
Adaptation - ACCA Global
... this inevitable change. There is no choice between mitigation and adaptation; organisations and individuals have to pursue complementary actions on both. When we talk about ‘organisations’, we mean those in both the public and private sectors. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chan ...
... this inevitable change. There is no choice between mitigation and adaptation; organisations and individuals have to pursue complementary actions on both. When we talk about ‘organisations’, we mean those in both the public and private sectors. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chan ...
Climate Change: The Copenhagen Conference
... (+/- 0.18 oC) over the past 100 years 15 and it was very likely that this was due to the emissions of greenhouse gases: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and ...
... (+/- 0.18 oC) over the past 100 years 15 and it was very likely that this was due to the emissions of greenhouse gases: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and ...
Extreme climatic events and their evolution under changing climatic
... events can generate, the definition of an extreme can become even more tenuous, because many damaging natural hazards can occur in the absence of an intense or rare climatic event that actually triggers the hazard. One example is the degradation of mountain permafrost, whereby a rise of atmospheric ...
... events can generate, the definition of an extreme can become even more tenuous, because many damaging natural hazards can occur in the absence of an intense or rare climatic event that actually triggers the hazard. One example is the degradation of mountain permafrost, whereby a rise of atmospheric ...
variations - US CLIVAR
... Thus, the hiatus is symptomatic of the much broader and very compelling problem of decadal timescale variability of the climate system. Recent research has shown that decadal variability in the Pacific associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) plays a major role in driving naturally ...
... Thus, the hiatus is symptomatic of the much broader and very compelling problem of decadal timescale variability of the climate system. Recent research has shown that decadal variability in the Pacific associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) plays a major role in driving naturally ...
Ethics, equity and the economics of climate change. Paper 1: science and philosophy: Working Paper 84a (568 kB) (opens in new window)
... Rising CO2 concentrations cause an increase in global temperatures by trapping more heat within the atmosphere. But this initial warming also triggers many feedbacks in the atmosphere that act to amplify or suppress the initial warming effect. Of substantial importance amongst these feedbacks is wat ...
... Rising CO2 concentrations cause an increase in global temperatures by trapping more heat within the atmosphere. But this initial warming also triggers many feedbacks in the atmosphere that act to amplify or suppress the initial warming effect. Of substantial importance amongst these feedbacks is wat ...
Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?
... scales. This amplification of GHG amount is moderate if warming is kept within the range of recent interglacial periods [6], but larger warming would risk greater release of CH 4 and CO2 from methane hydrates in tundra and ocean sediments [29]. On still longer, geological, time scales weathering of ...
... scales. This amplification of GHG amount is moderate if warming is kept within the range of recent interglacial periods [6], but larger warming would risk greater release of CH 4 and CO2 from methane hydrates in tundra and ocean sediments [29]. On still longer, geological, time scales weathering of ...
Pacific Ecosystem-based Adaptation to Climate Change
... “One critical resilience challenge for Port Vila city is to ensure the sustainability and quality of the city’s water catchment, which lies to the east of the Bauerfield Airport land strip and extends eastward into the abutting mountain region (as well as southward to the edge of the municipal bound ...
... “One critical resilience challenge for Port Vila city is to ensure the sustainability and quality of the city’s water catchment, which lies to the east of the Bauerfield Airport land strip and extends eastward into the abutting mountain region (as well as southward to the edge of the municipal bound ...
Summer 2015
... Thus, the hiatus is symptomatic of the much broader and very compelling problem of decadal timescale variability of the climate system. Recent research has shown that decadal variability in the Pacific associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) plays a major role in driving naturally ...
... Thus, the hiatus is symptomatic of the much broader and very compelling problem of decadal timescale variability of the climate system. Recent research has shown that decadal variability in the Pacific associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) plays a major role in driving naturally ...
Official PDF , 6 pages
... to help them better cope with future climate variability. Watershed management and irrigation projects are working to ensure there is adequate water for farming and for hydro-power when it is needed. An example is the Kagera river basin management poject. It supports the installation and refurbishme ...
... to help them better cope with future climate variability. Watershed management and irrigation projects are working to ensure there is adequate water for farming and for hydro-power when it is needed. An example is the Kagera river basin management poject. It supports the installation and refurbishme ...
Mobility choices and climate change
... • Evaluate and compare the impacts of social norms and economic incentives when encouraging proenvironmental mobility behavior • “Social norms” what are they? • Economic incentives: – “carbon” tax (additional to current fuel duties) – “quotas”: Personal Carbon Allowances (“carbon trading”) – “bonus- ...
... • Evaluate and compare the impacts of social norms and economic incentives when encouraging proenvironmental mobility behavior • “Social norms” what are they? • Economic incentives: – “carbon” tax (additional to current fuel duties) – “quotas”: Personal Carbon Allowances (“carbon trading”) – “bonus- ...
The IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and
... – very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and – is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years. "Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99% ...
... – very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and – is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years. "Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99% ...
Italian Policies and Measures to Respond to Climate Change
... benefits to host a JI project can come in the form of secondary benefits, in the environmental, economic and social spheres. The CDM constitutes a parallel mechanism to JI, the sole difference being that under the CDM projects aimed at reducing emissions or at enhancing removals by sinks of greenhou ...
... benefits to host a JI project can come in the form of secondary benefits, in the environmental, economic and social spheres. The CDM constitutes a parallel mechanism to JI, the sole difference being that under the CDM projects aimed at reducing emissions or at enhancing removals by sinks of greenhou ...
Biomass production in experimental grasslands of different species
... is complementarity (including facilitation), which allows for more of the total amount of available resources to be taken up by the community if more species are present. When S is higher, there is also a higher probability for a community to contain one or more productive species that dominate this ...
... is complementarity (including facilitation), which allows for more of the total amount of available resources to be taken up by the community if more species are present. When S is higher, there is also a higher probability for a community to contain one or more productive species that dominate this ...
2008 4 7 Kristen Miller Report
... ambitious proposals for an 80% emissions reduction target for 2050. We believe that it is right that Scotland should seek to lead the way in the United Kingdom on emissions targets and investment in renewable energy technologies. Progress on both will enable us to be even more ambitious in the years ...
... ambitious proposals for an 80% emissions reduction target for 2050. We believe that it is right that Scotland should seek to lead the way in the United Kingdom on emissions targets and investment in renewable energy technologies. Progress on both will enable us to be even more ambitious in the years ...
The equilibrium sensitivity of the Earth`s temperature to radiation
... impossible to use observed global temperature changes during that period to constrain S more tightly than the range explored by climate models (1.5–4.5 °C at the time), and that the upper end of the range was particularly difficult to estimate, although qualitatively similar conclusions appear in ea ...
... impossible to use observed global temperature changes during that period to constrain S more tightly than the range explored by climate models (1.5–4.5 °C at the time), and that the upper end of the range was particularly difficult to estimate, although qualitatively similar conclusions appear in ea ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.