14.2.2 Predictability in a Chaotic System
... determining them, must be significantly improved in order to extract early signs of such changes from model simulations and observations.” (See Chapter 7, Section 7.7). 14.2.2.1 Initialisation and flux adjustments Integrations of models over long time-spans are prone to error as small discrepancies ...
... determining them, must be significantly improved in order to extract early signs of such changes from model simulations and observations.” (See Chapter 7, Section 7.7). 14.2.2.1 Initialisation and flux adjustments Integrations of models over long time-spans are prone to error as small discrepancies ...
Embargoed Material – Do not distribute, blog, tweet, forward, or
... emissions while also effectively meeting the nation’s wide-ranging mobility needs. Few studies have specifically sought to evaluate how states’ transportation policies impact GHG emissions. This report seeks to build on the work of Moving Cooler, a 2009 report by Cambridge Systematics, which quantif ...
... emissions while also effectively meeting the nation’s wide-ranging mobility needs. Few studies have specifically sought to evaluate how states’ transportation policies impact GHG emissions. This report seeks to build on the work of Moving Cooler, a 2009 report by Cambridge Systematics, which quantif ...
2014—2015 Annual Report
... Generation Science Standards (NGSS), which was released in Fall 2015. Climate Minnesota: Local Stories, Community Solutions Research has shown that approximately three-fifths of Minnesotans acknowledge that climate change is happening and human induced. However, they are not likely to share this wit ...
... Generation Science Standards (NGSS), which was released in Fall 2015. Climate Minnesota: Local Stories, Community Solutions Research has shown that approximately three-fifths of Minnesotans acknowledge that climate change is happening and human induced. However, they are not likely to share this wit ...
PDF
... S1) Cap & Trade. We use as policy tool a world carbon market that equalizes marginal abatement costs worldwide. Each model region is assigned an entitlement in terms of emissions rights that it can either use or trade in the market. The total amount of emission allowances produces a global emission ...
... S1) Cap & Trade. We use as policy tool a world carbon market that equalizes marginal abatement costs worldwide. Each model region is assigned an entitlement in terms of emissions rights that it can either use or trade in the market. The total amount of emission allowances produces a global emission ...
Building up for Paris - Green European Foundation
... This causes problems as slow onset events such as ocean acidification and extreme weather events like typhoons are consequences of climate change, which do not allow adequate adaptation. The stakes are very high for the Conference in Paris, because as a result it must the first time have an internat ...
... This causes problems as slow onset events such as ocean acidification and extreme weather events like typhoons are consequences of climate change, which do not allow adequate adaptation. The stakes are very high for the Conference in Paris, because as a result it must the first time have an internat ...
CV - Princeton University
... Reservoir timescales for anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (with B. C. O’Neill, S. R. Gaffin, and F. N. Tubiello). Tellus, 46B, 378. ...
... Reservoir timescales for anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (with B. C. O’Neill, S. R. Gaffin, and F. N. Tubiello). Tellus, 46B, 378. ...
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... Climate change and climate variability have put the countries in the Near East region (RNE), where scarce natural resources are already under considerable pressure at significant risk. RNE, one of the driest regions in the world, is vulnerable to extreme climatic events such as droughts, floods, sea ...
... Climate change and climate variability have put the countries in the Near East region (RNE), where scarce natural resources are already under considerable pressure at significant risk. RNE, one of the driest regions in the world, is vulnerable to extreme climatic events such as droughts, floods, sea ...
Important data of cloud properties for assessing the response of
... that the relationship between cloud radiative forcing and SST : (1) Differs the most among models in climate change (explains most of inter-model differences in cloud feedbacks) ...
... that the relationship between cloud radiative forcing and SST : (1) Differs the most among models in climate change (explains most of inter-model differences in cloud feedbacks) ...
Anthropogenic contributions to Australia`s record summer
... reference state and PALL under a parallel forced state [Stone and Allen, 2005]. An assessment of FAR uncertainty was obtained through bootstrap resampling (see supporting information), with the best estimate (mean) and 90th percentile FAR values presented here. [12] The best estimate Tmean FAR was c ...
... reference state and PALL under a parallel forced state [Stone and Allen, 2005]. An assessment of FAR uncertainty was obtained through bootstrap resampling (see supporting information), with the best estimate (mean) and 90th percentile FAR values presented here. [12] The best estimate Tmean FAR was c ...
Comparison of Monthly Temperature Extremes Simulated by CMIP3
... Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are evaluated and compared with those from 24 models in the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). Comparisons with observations and reanalyses indicate that the models from both CMIP3 and CMIP5 perform well in simulating temperature extreme ...
... Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are evaluated and compared with those from 24 models in the third phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). Comparisons with observations and reanalyses indicate that the models from both CMIP3 and CMIP5 perform well in simulating temperature extreme ...
The South East Queensland drought to 2007
... climate. As described below, the main human induced factors contributing to climate change are: • increases in greenhouse gases • depletion of stratospheric ozone over the poles • increases in sulfate aerosols, particularly in the northern hemisphere • land-cover change. ...
... climate. As described below, the main human induced factors contributing to climate change are: • increases in greenhouse gases • depletion of stratospheric ozone over the poles • increases in sulfate aerosols, particularly in the northern hemisphere • land-cover change. ...
9 Holocene rapid land-cover changes – evidence and theory
... Using a box climate model of sub-tropical monsoon dynamics, Brovkin et al. (1998) predicted that before 6000 years BP the atmosphere–vegetation system in North Africa revealed a stability as indicated by case III in Figure 9.4 with only one, green solution IIIg. Because of the change in insolation, ...
... Using a box climate model of sub-tropical monsoon dynamics, Brovkin et al. (1998) predicted that before 6000 years BP the atmosphere–vegetation system in North Africa revealed a stability as indicated by case III in Figure 9.4 with only one, green solution IIIg. Because of the change in insolation, ...
... This has been recently published in the revised National Climate Change Strategy (2007). Ireland is a Party to the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol. Ireland is also a member of the IPCC. The Minister for Environment attends COP meetings. Ireland supports the EU position in relation to the development o ...
Extended Abstract
... climate change scenarios selected for this analysis. Unlike previous climate change impact studies of the skiing industry, this analysis was able to examine the impact of climate change scenarios for the early decades of this century, which are most relevant to business planning time frames. In the ...
... climate change scenarios selected for this analysis. Unlike previous climate change impact studies of the skiing industry, this analysis was able to examine the impact of climate change scenarios for the early decades of this century, which are most relevant to business planning time frames. In the ...
Towards a Global Carbon Market – Prospects for
... Vice Minister Jeong Yeon-man of South Korea said that climate change is the greatest environmental challenge that humankind has ever faced: In order to stop global warming and build resilient societies, greenhouse gasses must be reduced. In South Korea, emissions trading legislation passed in Novemb ...
... Vice Minister Jeong Yeon-man of South Korea said that climate change is the greatest environmental challenge that humankind has ever faced: In order to stop global warming and build resilient societies, greenhouse gasses must be reduced. In South Korea, emissions trading legislation passed in Novemb ...
Climate change implications for the glaciers of the Hindu Kush
... balance data available and the variation in glaciological conditions. Other non-climatic drivers such as deposition of dust and soot may also play a role, with some evidence that this may already be having an effect on some Tibetan glaciers (Xu et al., 2009). There are relatively few studies that ai ...
... balance data available and the variation in glaciological conditions. Other non-climatic drivers such as deposition of dust and soot may also play a role, with some evidence that this may already be having an effect on some Tibetan glaciers (Xu et al., 2009). There are relatively few studies that ai ...
Fewer rainy days and more extreme rainfall by the end of the century
... NorESM) show either weak changes or sensitivity to the emission scenarios. Five simulate large increase, strongly determined by the climate change scenario (BCC, CanESM, CCSM, IPSL, MPI). Interpretations are more ambiguous for the third group, because the changes in p99 concern only one region out o ...
... NorESM) show either weak changes or sensitivity to the emission scenarios. Five simulate large increase, strongly determined by the climate change scenario (BCC, CanESM, CCSM, IPSL, MPI). Interpretations are more ambiguous for the third group, because the changes in p99 concern only one region out o ...
Climate change and Weed Risk Assessment
... Current Best Practice WRA range modelling Determine all known native and exotic locations Separate native, exotic (not validation) and exotic ...
... Current Best Practice WRA range modelling Determine all known native and exotic locations Separate native, exotic (not validation) and exotic ...
Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC)
... forests and orchards, and forest fires are the main categories included in the emission assessment from the forestry and ...
... forests and orchards, and forest fires are the main categories included in the emission assessment from the forestry and ...
Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in
... resulting finite return level for infinite return times are in fact positive. The finite upper bound of dry extremes is therefore not a concern in this study. ...
... resulting finite return level for infinite return times are in fact positive. The finite upper bound of dry extremes is therefore not a concern in this study. ...
The Conservative Case for a Carbon Tax
... Although projecting compliance cost estimates far into the future for regulations that have not yet been written is fraught with uncertainty, the ambitious nature of the goals and timetables established by the EPA suggests that these higher compliance costs estimates are not implausible. The EPA’s ...
... Although projecting compliance cost estimates far into the future for regulations that have not yet been written is fraught with uncertainty, the ambitious nature of the goals and timetables established by the EPA suggests that these higher compliance costs estimates are not implausible. The EPA’s ...
UNEP Topic A: New Perspectives on the Kyoto Protocol FEMUN V III
... rich nations were historically responsible for global warming and so should take the lead, developing nations would follow later. These assuming all industrialized countries would rapidly ratify and apply the Protocol, which have not yet come to pass. Thus, even without any effective emission reduct ...
... rich nations were historically responsible for global warming and so should take the lead, developing nations would follow later. These assuming all industrialized countries would rapidly ratify and apply the Protocol, which have not yet come to pass. Thus, even without any effective emission reduct ...
Climate Change and Variability in Southeast Zimbabwe
... A lot of researches have been done on the negative impacts and challenges caused by extreme weather conditions due to climate change and variability. Not many researches have been focused on the positive side in form of opportunities presented due to climate change. The study aimed to show the clima ...
... A lot of researches have been done on the negative impacts and challenges caused by extreme weather conditions due to climate change and variability. Not many researches have been focused on the positive side in form of opportunities presented due to climate change. The study aimed to show the clima ...
The Conservative Case for a Carbon Tax
... Although projecting compliance costs estimates far into the future for regulations that have not yet been written is fraught with uncertainty, the ambitious nature of the goals and timetables established by the EPA suggests that these higher compliance costs estimates are not implausible. The EPA’s ...
... Although projecting compliance costs estimates far into the future for regulations that have not yet been written is fraught with uncertainty, the ambitious nature of the goals and timetables established by the EPA suggests that these higher compliance costs estimates are not implausible. The EPA’s ...
A Secular Carbon Debt from Atmospheric high Temperature
... of stem tree for energetic use, a global as well as secular time frame is needed to assess overall consequences if due attention is to be given to biosphere processes, including the complex productivity of whole ecosystems. Analytically, a time dependent variable of carbon neutralization can be trac ...
... of stem tree for energetic use, a global as well as secular time frame is needed to assess overall consequences if due attention is to be given to biosphere processes, including the complex productivity of whole ecosystems. Analytically, a time dependent variable of carbon neutralization can be trac ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.