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... Ort, W. Polley, A. Thomson, and D. Wolfe. (2008) Agriculture. In: The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity in the United States. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC., ...
... Ort, W. Polley, A. Thomson, and D. Wolfe. (2008) Agriculture. In: The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity in the United States. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Washington, DC., ...
Potentials for Adaptation to Climate Change in Human
... for U.S. settlements. Certain kinds of circumstances are likely to cause particular concerns for cities and towns in the United States as they consider possible implications of climate change. For instance, some settlements are located in especially vulnerable areas, such as on or near coasts subjec ...
... for U.S. settlements. Certain kinds of circumstances are likely to cause particular concerns for cities and towns in the United States as they consider possible implications of climate change. For instance, some settlements are located in especially vulnerable areas, such as on or near coasts subjec ...
Results Report - World Wide Views on Climate and Energy
... climate change and energy are clear: there is strong public support for political action in order to agree on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. The WWViews results are based on well-established principles for c ...
... climate change and energy are clear: there is strong public support for political action in order to agree on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. The WWViews results are based on well-established principles for c ...
Is the melting Arctic changing midlatitude weather?
... Arctic thus loses less radiant heat from the top of the atmosphere than do the lower latitudes.1 The increase in atmospheric water vapor also traps Arctic heat. Based on more than 20 climate models developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fifth assessment report in 2013, research ...
... Arctic thus loses less radiant heat from the top of the atmosphere than do the lower latitudes.1 The increase in atmospheric water vapor also traps Arctic heat. Based on more than 20 climate models developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fifth assessment report in 2013, research ...
James Hurrell*1, Gerald A. Meehl1, David Bader2
... The global coupled atmosphere-ocean-land-cryosphere system exhibits a wide range of physical and dynamical phenomena with associated physical, biological and chemical feedbacks that collectively result in a continuum of temporal and spatial variability. The traditional boundaries between weather and ...
... The global coupled atmosphere-ocean-land-cryosphere system exhibits a wide range of physical and dynamical phenomena with associated physical, biological and chemical feedbacks that collectively result in a continuum of temporal and spatial variability. The traditional boundaries between weather and ...
European Journal of Legal Studies
... both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.‖ So greenhouse gas is any gas that absorbs infra-red radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons (HCFCs), ozone (O3), ...
... both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.‖ So greenhouse gas is any gas that absorbs infra-red radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons (HCFCs), ozone (O3), ...
An estimate of equilibrium sensitivity of global terrestrial carbon
... found in earlier studies (Betts et al. 2007; Cao et al. 2010). It is also seen in Fig. 1r and Table 1 that total runoff (surface runoff plus drainage) increases by 9.5 % in case of CO2 direct effect, whereas by only 4.7 % due to climate change. The global scale photosynthesis over land is known as g ...
... found in earlier studies (Betts et al. 2007; Cao et al. 2010). It is also seen in Fig. 1r and Table 1 that total runoff (surface runoff plus drainage) increases by 9.5 % in case of CO2 direct effect, whereas by only 4.7 % due to climate change. The global scale photosynthesis over land is known as g ...
effects of land cover, water redistribution, and temperature on
... elevations in the mountains, tundra and coniferous forest growth are limited by temperature, not moisture (Peet 1989), so warming is expected to enhance net primary productivity. In the Great Plains, however, annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) is .1000 mm and exceeds the mean annual precipita ...
... elevations in the mountains, tundra and coniferous forest growth are limited by temperature, not moisture (Peet 1989), so warming is expected to enhance net primary productivity. In the Great Plains, however, annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) is .1000 mm and exceeds the mean annual precipita ...
Regional Climate Adaptation Planning Alliance
... 4. Planning now can save money, while inaction now will lead to higher costs in the future. 5. Planning for uncertainty is not new, and can be integrated into current planning frameworks. 6. Adaptation has co-benefits for other community priorities. Section 4 is a focused summary of current climate ...
... 4. Planning now can save money, while inaction now will lead to higher costs in the future. 5. Planning for uncertainty is not new, and can be integrated into current planning frameworks. 6. Adaptation has co-benefits for other community priorities. Section 4 is a focused summary of current climate ...
D1.1 Check and Reflect - Hilltop Jr/Sr High School
... Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure because air at high pressure is denser than air at low pressure. The Coriolis effect is the deflection of an object from a straight-line path by the rotation of Earth. The Coriolis effect is responsible for the global patterns in the dir ...
... Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure because air at high pressure is denser than air at low pressure. The Coriolis effect is the deflection of an object from a straight-line path by the rotation of Earth. The Coriolis effect is responsible for the global patterns in the dir ...
watersketch - Astra
... 1. Adaptation policy and measures are assessed in a developmental context; 2. Adaptation to short-term climate variability and extreme events are explicitly included as a step toward reducing vulnerability to long-term change; 3. Adaptation occurs at different levels in society, including the local ...
... 1. Adaptation policy and measures are assessed in a developmental context; 2. Adaptation to short-term climate variability and extreme events are explicitly included as a step toward reducing vulnerability to long-term change; 3. Adaptation occurs at different levels in society, including the local ...
DISCUSSION PAPER Climate Policy in the United States
... Japanese participants benefited from a frank discussion with U.S. experts of how and why it would be difficult to link different domestic emissions trading markets, the current process to establish a regional emissions trading program, and the evolving dynamics in the U.S. Senate. Looking forward, i ...
... Japanese participants benefited from a frank discussion with U.S. experts of how and why it would be difficult to link different domestic emissions trading markets, the current process to establish a regional emissions trading program, and the evolving dynamics in the U.S. Senate. Looking forward, i ...
litreview12forword_wm_review_9feb2012
... number of possible ‘storylines’ which took into account driving forces such as demographic, social, economic, technological, and environmental developments. Possible emission ‘scenarios’ were defined, based on these scenarios. These are described in more detail in Appendix A. These scenarios have bee ...
... number of possible ‘storylines’ which took into account driving forces such as demographic, social, economic, technological, and environmental developments. Possible emission ‘scenarios’ were defined, based on these scenarios. These are described in more detail in Appendix A. These scenarios have bee ...
Now more than ever: The need for more societally
... challenge of any scholar contributing to this work in the future is to be clear and upfront about the assumed meanings, thus helping others to see the relevance and connection to related work. For the purposes of this paper, I integrate various approaches to understand vulnerability as the susceptib ...
... challenge of any scholar contributing to this work in the future is to be clear and upfront about the assumed meanings, thus helping others to see the relevance and connection to related work. For the purposes of this paper, I integrate various approaches to understand vulnerability as the susceptib ...
challenges for future sustainable water resources management in
... portion of surface water for direct human use. The global water situation becomes even more awkward if one keeps in mind that surface- and groundwater – both being part of the hydrological cycle - is constantly renewed by input from atmospheric water, i.e. net precipitation. This means that for a l ...
... portion of surface water for direct human use. The global water situation becomes even more awkward if one keeps in mind that surface- and groundwater – both being part of the hydrological cycle - is constantly renewed by input from atmospheric water, i.e. net precipitation. This means that for a l ...
The effects of buffer and temperature feedback on the
... et al. [1979] holding PCO2 as a constant. However, PCO2 , DIC and T must meet the equilibrium relationship (2). As PCO2 is kept unchanged DIC varies with T . Therefore, the variation of the buffer factor in Figure 1 of Sundquist et al. [1979] is caused largely by DIC, not by T . The initial conditio ...
... et al. [1979] holding PCO2 as a constant. However, PCO2 , DIC and T must meet the equilibrium relationship (2). As PCO2 is kept unchanged DIC varies with T . Therefore, the variation of the buffer factor in Figure 1 of Sundquist et al. [1979] is caused largely by DIC, not by T . The initial conditio ...
Mission Report Downscalling - Global Climate Change Alliance
... sustenance for over half. Additionally, 40% of world’s population lives in watersheds of rivers originating in the planet’s different mountain ranges. Mountains also represent unique areas for detection of climatic change and assessment of climate-induced impacts. An explanation for this is that, as ...
... sustenance for over half. Additionally, 40% of world’s population lives in watersheds of rivers originating in the planet’s different mountain ranges. Mountains also represent unique areas for detection of climatic change and assessment of climate-induced impacts. An explanation for this is that, as ...
Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in water hazard assessments using regional
... conditions have been forgotten, but results are still dependent on the lateral boundary conditions from a numerical global model weather prediction model ( in which the initial atmospheric conditions are not yet forgotten) or a global data reanalysis, and on the bottom boundary conditions. Type 2 in ...
... conditions have been forgotten, but results are still dependent on the lateral boundary conditions from a numerical global model weather prediction model ( in which the initial atmospheric conditions are not yet forgotten) or a global data reanalysis, and on the bottom boundary conditions. Type 2 in ...
Durham Research Online
... computers; the goal is to simulate how Earth’s climate would change if greenhouse gas emissions were to rise at particular rates in the future. But there is uncertainty about how to build these climate models in such a way that predictions of future climate change will have desired accuracy. The unc ...
... computers; the goal is to simulate how Earth’s climate would change if greenhouse gas emissions were to rise at particular rates in the future. But there is uncertainty about how to build these climate models in such a way that predictions of future climate change will have desired accuracy. The unc ...
10 IISD (17 March 2016):Arctic Council Addresses
... An irreversible change in the energy pattern in periods of climate change Climate change mitigation necessitates that at most only 20 % of global fossil fuel reserves can be exploited by 2050 in order to keep the average temperature increase below two degrees Celsius. At the same time it is estimate ...
... An irreversible change in the energy pattern in periods of climate change Climate change mitigation necessitates that at most only 20 % of global fossil fuel reserves can be exploited by 2050 in order to keep the average temperature increase below two degrees Celsius. At the same time it is estimate ...
3. STRAW MAN 1: A PRELIMINARY VIEW OF THE TROPICAL
... the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). CSM version 1 has this capability (Large et al., 2001; Otto-Bliesner and Brady, 2001). Importantly, this version incorporates very small values of vertical diffusion and an implementation of anisotropic horizontal viscosity, providing excellent resolution of ...
... the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). CSM version 1 has this capability (Large et al., 2001; Otto-Bliesner and Brady, 2001). Importantly, this version incorporates very small values of vertical diffusion and an implementation of anisotropic horizontal viscosity, providing excellent resolution of ...
Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector
... increased, there has been a disproportionate increase in the frequency of the heaviest precipitation events (Karl & Knight 1998). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report states that `most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is likely to be attributable ...
... increased, there has been a disproportionate increase in the frequency of the heaviest precipitation events (Karl & Knight 1998). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report states that `most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is likely to be attributable ...
DETR - Climate Change
... emissions over the next decade. But it also starts to put in place measures that will allow us to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and make a radical shift to more sustainable patterns of energy generation and consumption. The programme looks at how climate change will affect the UK and the act ...
... emissions over the next decade. But it also starts to put in place measures that will allow us to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and make a radical shift to more sustainable patterns of energy generation and consumption. The programme looks at how climate change will affect the UK and the act ...
chapter conduct a cl mate change vulnerab l ty assessment
... CONDUCT A CLIMATE RESILIENCY STUDY ...
... CONDUCT A CLIMATE RESILIENCY STUDY ...
The Story of Carbon Meet Philip Duffy Also in this Issue
... fossil fuels and the rate at which we are burning these fossil deposits makes all the difference in the world. We are releasing back to the atmosphere over a few centuries the carbon dioxide that took millions of years to bury in the first place. Although such burial is going Canopy ...
... fossil fuels and the rate at which we are burning these fossil deposits makes all the difference in the world. We are releasing back to the atmosphere over a few centuries the carbon dioxide that took millions of years to bury in the first place. Although such burial is going Canopy ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.