Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation
... Brazil has a special place in strategies for combating global warming because its vast areas of tropical forest represent a potentially large source of emissions if deforested. A number of issues need to be settled to properly assign credit for carbon in the types of options presented by the Brazili ...
... Brazil has a special place in strategies for combating global warming because its vast areas of tropical forest represent a potentially large source of emissions if deforested. A number of issues need to be settled to properly assign credit for carbon in the types of options presented by the Brazili ...
Comparative Climate Change Governance: Lessons from European
... TMNs have adapted to the opportunity structure in the EU’s multi-level system to connect and have access to key decision-makers as well as resources (Ladrech, 2005). Most networks concentrate on two goals: representing the interest of their members, at the European level in particular, and facilitat ...
... TMNs have adapted to the opportunity structure in the EU’s multi-level system to connect and have access to key decision-makers as well as resources (Ladrech, 2005). Most networks concentrate on two goals: representing the interest of their members, at the European level in particular, and facilitat ...
High Flows and Freshet Timing in Canada: Observed Trends CCRR
... and Alberta, and northwestern and southern Ontario. Thirty-seven stations (76%) had negative slopes, showing earlier freshet, of which 11 (30%) and 14 (38%) were significant at the 0.05 and 0.10 alpha level, respectively. Twelve stations (24%) had positive slopes, showing later freshet, but only 1 s ...
... and Alberta, and northwestern and southern Ontario. Thirty-seven stations (76%) had negative slopes, showing earlier freshet, of which 11 (30%) and 14 (38%) were significant at the 0.05 and 0.10 alpha level, respectively. Twelve stations (24%) had positive slopes, showing later freshet, but only 1 s ...
Senate Environmental Quality Committee
... The Alliance of Regional Collaboratives for Climate Adaptation (ARCCA) was formed in early 2012 out of the urgent need to prepare California’s urban centers for the emerging impacts of climate change, including extreme storm events, heat waves, droughts, and sea level rise. ARCCA currently brings to ...
... The Alliance of Regional Collaboratives for Climate Adaptation (ARCCA) was formed in early 2012 out of the urgent need to prepare California’s urban centers for the emerging impacts of climate change, including extreme storm events, heat waves, droughts, and sea level rise. ARCCA currently brings to ...
22. Predictions and Projections of Pine Productivity and Hydrology
... and if the difference in measured annual ring width was > 10% between the two readings, the core was measured a third time and an average of the three measurements was used. Annual basal growth (cm2) was calculated as TT x (tree radius) of the present year ring area — IT x (tree radius) of the prior ...
... and if the difference in measured annual ring width was > 10% between the two readings, the core was measured a third time and an average of the three measurements was used. Annual basal growth (cm2) was calculated as TT x (tree radius) of the present year ring area — IT x (tree radius) of the prior ...
Expert Consensus on the Economics of Climate Change
... by 2090 (Scenario A), a 6°C increase by 2175 (Scenario B), and a 6°C increase by 2090 (Scenario C). He then asked respondents to estimate the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of climate damages to GDP (including market and nonmarket impacts) under each scenario. At the 50th percentile, the median v ...
... by 2090 (Scenario A), a 6°C increase by 2175 (Scenario B), and a 6°C increase by 2090 (Scenario C). He then asked respondents to estimate the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of climate damages to GDP (including market and nonmarket impacts) under each scenario. At the 50th percentile, the median v ...
1.4 MB - about undp maldives
... monsoon dominating from January to March and the wetter and stormier south-west monsoon from May to December. Average air temperature is about 28oC and sea surface temperatures are between 28-29oC. The Maldivian population is estimated at 319, 740 (2010) growing at an annual rate of 1.76% per annum. ...
... monsoon dominating from January to March and the wetter and stormier south-west monsoon from May to December. Average air temperature is about 28oC and sea surface temperatures are between 28-29oC. The Maldivian population is estimated at 319, 740 (2010) growing at an annual rate of 1.76% per annum. ...
Climate change and respiratory diseases
... diseases or disadvantaged individuals. Adaptation and mitigation measures are strongly needed. It is now widely accepted that the earth’s temperature is increasing, as confirmed by warming of the oceans, rising sea levels, glaciers melting, sea ice retreating in the Arctic and diminished snow cover ...
... diseases or disadvantaged individuals. Adaptation and mitigation measures are strongly needed. It is now widely accepted that the earth’s temperature is increasing, as confirmed by warming of the oceans, rising sea levels, glaciers melting, sea ice retreating in the Arctic and diminished snow cover ...
Bringin Adaptation to Ground in British Columbia
... age winter. The opposite tendenas referenced in this article. Boundaries are based cies are true for cool phase largely on ecoprovinces (Demarchi 1996). ENSO (La Niña) and PDO; i.e., they increase the likelihood that winters will be cooler and wetter than average (Rodenhuis et al. 2009; Moore et al. ...
... age winter. The opposite tendenas referenced in this article. Boundaries are based cies are true for cool phase largely on ecoprovinces (Demarchi 1996). ENSO (La Niña) and PDO; i.e., they increase the likelihood that winters will be cooler and wetter than average (Rodenhuis et al. 2009; Moore et al. ...
Impacts of climate variability and change on fishery
... systems into potential impacts on the economic and social viability of fishery-dependent households and communities. The SLA, developed in the 1980s from a combination of farming systems analysis, micro-economic and institutional analysis and the theory and practice of development economics, has been ...
... systems into potential impacts on the economic and social viability of fishery-dependent households and communities. The SLA, developed in the 1980s from a combination of farming systems analysis, micro-economic and institutional analysis and the theory and practice of development economics, has been ...
Climate change
... Global warming will lead to substantial declines in cereal production around the world, especially in Africa and Western Asia, while in higher-latitude developed countries agricultural yields eventually might increase, given that the temperature increase is moderate. Human health will be strongly af ...
... Global warming will lead to substantial declines in cereal production around the world, especially in Africa and Western Asia, while in higher-latitude developed countries agricultural yields eventually might increase, given that the temperature increase is moderate. Human health will be strongly af ...
Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and
... importance of temperature–precipitation interactions on the C balance of terrestrial ecosystems under future climate conditions. Keywords: ecosystem photosynthesis, meta-analysis, net ecosystem exchange, plant biomass, plant productivity, precipitation, respiration, warming ...
... importance of temperature–precipitation interactions on the C balance of terrestrial ecosystems under future climate conditions. Keywords: ecosystem photosynthesis, meta-analysis, net ecosystem exchange, plant biomass, plant productivity, precipitation, respiration, warming ...
Fossil fuel production in a 2°C world: The equity implications of a
... This issue has also been employed as an argument to slow international progress on climate policy.13 For example, major oil-exporting countries have presented arguments under the UNFCCC asserting the “discriminatory” nature of mitigation policies such as gasoline taxes and an aviation levy on oil ex ...
... This issue has also been employed as an argument to slow international progress on climate policy.13 For example, major oil-exporting countries have presented arguments under the UNFCCC asserting the “discriminatory” nature of mitigation policies such as gasoline taxes and an aviation levy on oil ex ...
Climate-Driven Basin-Scale Decadal Oscillations of Oceanic
... Chl-Zr26 and Chl-ZML relationships. This important role of ocean physics indicates that the observed Chl changes primarily reflect biomass changes due to dampened or increased nutrient fluxes to the upper lit layers. Changes in the photoacclimation state of phytoplankton probably also intervene, wi ...
... Chl-Zr26 and Chl-ZML relationships. This important role of ocean physics indicates that the observed Chl changes primarily reflect biomass changes due to dampened or increased nutrient fluxes to the upper lit layers. Changes in the photoacclimation state of phytoplankton probably also intervene, wi ...
The Effects of Climate Change on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights
... effects of climate change on rights within their purview, most of which predate the IPCC AR5 report, as well as the 2009 report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the effects of climate change on human rights, which drew primarily on the Fourth Assessment Report.4 4. ...
... effects of climate change on rights within their purview, most of which predate the IPCC AR5 report, as well as the 2009 report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the effects of climate change on human rights, which drew primarily on the Fourth Assessment Report.4 4. ...
Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Water Resources Variability
... show the future hydrological response to a range of possible changes, as expressed by the outputs from the different models. This study chose to generate daily climate projections by modifying the historical datasets to represent the changes in the GCM climatologies. ...
... show the future hydrological response to a range of possible changes, as expressed by the outputs from the different models. This study chose to generate daily climate projections by modifying the historical datasets to represent the changes in the GCM climatologies. ...
The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate
... hlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are now globally recognized as the main cause of the observed depletion of the ozone layer (1–5). Molina and Rowland (6) first recognized the potential for CFCs to deplete stratospheric ozone in 1974, thereby providing an ‘‘early ...
... hlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are now globally recognized as the main cause of the observed depletion of the ozone layer (1–5). Molina and Rowland (6) first recognized the potential for CFCs to deplete stratospheric ozone in 1974, thereby providing an ‘‘early ...
ELPIS-JP: a dataset of local-scale daily climate change scenarios for
... which adds a difference (or multiplies a ratio) between the future and current climate projections to observed data [20,21], or a bias-correction method [22,23]. A regression method is used for research purposes rather than for scenario generation [24]. However, these scenarios have a limited number ...
... which adds a difference (or multiplies a ratio) between the future and current climate projections to observed data [20,21], or a bias-correction method [22,23]. A regression method is used for research purposes rather than for scenario generation [24]. However, these scenarios have a limited number ...
Climate Change and US Agriculture
... current mean temperature of 59oF (15oC). The concern now is that human activities are causing the natural greenhouse effect to be augmented, leading to significant changes in the temperature and related changes in the entire climate system. Has global warming actual begun? When we look at the Earth’ ...
... current mean temperature of 59oF (15oC). The concern now is that human activities are causing the natural greenhouse effect to be augmented, leading to significant changes in the temperature and related changes in the entire climate system. Has global warming actual begun? When we look at the Earth’ ...
DANGER The of Corporate Landfill Gas-to-Energy Schemes and How to Fix It
... landfill methane emissions. The current waste-disposal system in the U.S.—and those who profit from it—is responsible for this inaction. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the annual amount of garbage the U.S. produces is the equivalent of more than 82,000 football fields ...
... landfill methane emissions. The current waste-disposal system in the U.S.—and those who profit from it—is responsible for this inaction. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the annual amount of garbage the U.S. produces is the equivalent of more than 82,000 football fields ...
changes in high flows in Sweden in the past and the future (1911
... the south-to-north climate gradient are driven mainly by snowmelt, whereas autumn/winter peaks are primarily rain driven. Thus, analyzing each group separately can provide information about any shift in hydrological regime and dominant processes that can cause high flows. We also investigated variat ...
... the south-to-north climate gradient are driven mainly by snowmelt, whereas autumn/winter peaks are primarily rain driven. Thus, analyzing each group separately can provide information about any shift in hydrological regime and dominant processes that can cause high flows. We also investigated variat ...
Climate Change, Agricultural Production and Food Security
... goods in each traded commodity group in order to capture any quality-related differences between the two products. Under the small-country assumption, Yemen faces perfectly elastic world demand curves for its exports at fixed world prices. On the demand side, imported and domestic goods are treated ...
... goods in each traded commodity group in order to capture any quality-related differences between the two products. Under the small-country assumption, Yemen faces perfectly elastic world demand curves for its exports at fixed world prices. On the demand side, imported and domestic goods are treated ...
Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global
... increased exponentially, with annual publications doubling from 2005 to 20095. Given the importance of scientific consensus, our study analyses climate papers from 1991 to 2011 to determine the level of consensus in published research. ...
... increased exponentially, with annual publications doubling from 2005 to 20095. Given the importance of scientific consensus, our study analyses climate papers from 1991 to 2011 to determine the level of consensus in published research. ...
Chapter 14 Tourism, leisure and sport
... because they tend to be less familiar with the places they are visiting. The environment, and not least the climate, is considered a resource to be exploited in many tourist areas. A clear majority of the natural disasters that threaten and hit tourist areas are, in one way or another, related to cl ...
... because they tend to be less familiar with the places they are visiting. The environment, and not least the climate, is considered a resource to be exploited in many tourist areas. A clear majority of the natural disasters that threaten and hit tourist areas are, in one way or another, related to cl ...
science-based targets
... while maintaining economic growth. While 80% of the 500 largest listed companies in the world have adopted GHG emissions reduction targets, most are short-term and incremental, falling short of the emissions reductions required to prevent the worst climate change impacts.1 New guidance is available ...
... while maintaining economic growth. While 80% of the 500 largest listed companies in the world have adopted GHG emissions reduction targets, most are short-term and incremental, falling short of the emissions reductions required to prevent the worst climate change impacts.1 New guidance is available ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.