Impact of Freshwater Release in the North Atlantic under Different
... high-latitudes cooling and the oceanic adjustment to the weakening of convection in the NA (Wu et al. 2007). Using partially coupled experiments, Chiang and Bitz (2005) and Yang and Liu (2005) show that the cooling of the northern high latitudes propagates within a few years toward the equator throu ...
... high-latitudes cooling and the oceanic adjustment to the weakening of convection in the NA (Wu et al. 2007). Using partially coupled experiments, Chiang and Bitz (2005) and Yang and Liu (2005) show that the cooling of the northern high latitudes propagates within a few years toward the equator throu ...
The Role of Tropical Forests in Climate
... The Role of Tropical Forests in Climate-Change Mitigation Carbon emissions from the loss and degradation of tropical forests constituted an estimated 12 percent2 of total global anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions in 2005. The percentage is likely lower today due to increases in fossil fuel combu ...
... The Role of Tropical Forests in Climate-Change Mitigation Carbon emissions from the loss and degradation of tropical forests constituted an estimated 12 percent2 of total global anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions in 2005. The percentage is likely lower today due to increases in fossil fuel combu ...
eoi maría moliner listening february 2011
... So not only are the rainforests the world’s air‐ conditioning system and thermostat and home to much of the world’s biodiversity, but they also sustain the lives of some of the poorest people on this Earth. And yet the destruction goes on at a truly terrifying pace – despite the knowledge that carbo ...
... So not only are the rainforests the world’s air‐ conditioning system and thermostat and home to much of the world’s biodiversity, but they also sustain the lives of some of the poorest people on this Earth. And yet the destruction goes on at a truly terrifying pace – despite the knowledge that carbo ...
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
... The radiation absorbed by these gases is re-emitted in all directions, some back toward the surface leading to a net warming of the surface. Through what is widely, but inaccurately, referred to as the greenhouse effect, these so-called greenhouse gases trap heat in the near surface layers of the at ...
... The radiation absorbed by these gases is re-emitted in all directions, some back toward the surface leading to a net warming of the surface. Through what is widely, but inaccurately, referred to as the greenhouse effect, these so-called greenhouse gases trap heat in the near surface layers of the at ...
Carbon-climate coupling in the Northern High Latitudes
... leveling off or even decreasing around 2060. This leveling-off is particularly visible in the HadCM3LC, FRCGC and BERN-CC models. The time integral of NEP is the amount of carbon the land takes up. The mean uptake of terrestrial carbon by 2100 is 38 PgC with a range of 17 to 82 PgC in the C4MIP mode ...
... leveling off or even decreasing around 2060. This leveling-off is particularly visible in the HadCM3LC, FRCGC and BERN-CC models. The time integral of NEP is the amount of carbon the land takes up. The mean uptake of terrestrial carbon by 2100 is 38 PgC with a range of 17 to 82 PgC in the C4MIP mode ...
Hasan, F.A. Human Agency, Climate Change, and Culture
... moving from a mobile subsistence economy to a settled economy (a process that took more than five thousand years in the Levant). The veneration for old habits, which may become encoded in religious precepts, is in most cases advantageous, but it is harmful if adhered to dogmatically in all cases giv ...
... moving from a mobile subsistence economy to a settled economy (a process that took more than five thousand years in the Levant). The veneration for old habits, which may become encoded in religious precepts, is in most cases advantageous, but it is harmful if adhered to dogmatically in all cases giv ...
economics of climate change: sensitivity analysis of social cost
... Nordhaus (1977). Nordhaus estimated “shadow prices” for carbon dioxide at 20year intervals from 1980 to 2160 for different emission scenarios. In the most stringent scenario, the shadow price of carbon in year 2020 is $109 (in 1977 dollars). In 2006, British government published a study known as Ste ...
... Nordhaus (1977). Nordhaus estimated “shadow prices” for carbon dioxide at 20year intervals from 1980 to 2160 for different emission scenarios. In the most stringent scenario, the shadow price of carbon in year 2020 is $109 (in 1977 dollars). In 2006, British government published a study known as Ste ...
GDI 12 – Warming Core
... from the annual reports of FTSE 100 companies. The figure is more than the annual reported emissions of Pakistan and Greece combined. This month the IPCC published a separate study on the science of climate change, which concluded that humans are "very likely" to be responsible for most of the recen ...
... from the annual reports of FTSE 100 companies. The figure is more than the annual reported emissions of Pakistan and Greece combined. This month the IPCC published a separate study on the science of climate change, which concluded that humans are "very likely" to be responsible for most of the recen ...
Linkages Between Climate Change and Biodiversity in New Zealand
... this change is increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, in particular carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (Houghton et al. 2001). Carbon dioxide concentrations are now higher than at any time for the last million years. Furthermore, depending on the greenhouse gas emission ...
... this change is increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, in particular carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (Houghton et al. 2001). Carbon dioxide concentrations are now higher than at any time for the last million years. Furthermore, depending on the greenhouse gas emission ...
Climate Finance Briefing: Small Island Developing States
... he Small Island Developing States (SIDS) together bear little responsibility for climate change, but their geographical, socioeconomic and climate profiles make them particularly vulnerable to its impacts. Spread across three regions, the 39 SIDS nations have received USD 1085 million from the dedic ...
... he Small Island Developing States (SIDS) together bear little responsibility for climate change, but their geographical, socioeconomic and climate profiles make them particularly vulnerable to its impacts. Spread across three regions, the 39 SIDS nations have received USD 1085 million from the dedic ...
Paris Agreement and Marrakech Climate Conference
... the first meeting of the implementing body (CMA) and Indented Nationally Determined Contributions becoming Nationally Determined Contributions, as follows: Entry into force triggers a variety of important consequences, including launch of the Agreement’s governing body, known as the CMA. In the parl ...
... the first meeting of the implementing body (CMA) and Indented Nationally Determined Contributions becoming Nationally Determined Contributions, as follows: Entry into force triggers a variety of important consequences, including launch of the Agreement’s governing body, known as the CMA. In the parl ...
LOCAL PRODUCT IMPLEMENTATION UPDATE Repackaging CPC …
... NWS mission does not include projections of climate change for the future decades: maximum lead of NWS climate outlooks is 12.5 months for 3 month average temperature or total precipitation NWS local staff is able to provides different educational materials on local customers: – Fact sheets on Clima ...
... NWS mission does not include projections of climate change for the future decades: maximum lead of NWS climate outlooks is 12.5 months for 3 month average temperature or total precipitation NWS local staff is able to provides different educational materials on local customers: – Fact sheets on Clima ...
Asian Aerosols: Current and Year 2030 Distributions and
... PM2.5 in these cities exceed the WHO annual guideline for PM2.5 of 10 µg/m3 by factors of 2 to 5. The contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to PM2.5 mass increases from west to east across the domain (cf, the Indian Megacities Mumbai, New Delhi, and Kolkata). The fine mode aerosol composition varie ...
... PM2.5 in these cities exceed the WHO annual guideline for PM2.5 of 10 µg/m3 by factors of 2 to 5. The contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to PM2.5 mass increases from west to east across the domain (cf, the Indian Megacities Mumbai, New Delhi, and Kolkata). The fine mode aerosol composition varie ...
Major Climate Feedback Processes Water Vapor Feedback Snow
... The snow/ice albedo feedback is associated with the higher albedo of ice and snow than all other surface covering. This positive feedback has often been offered as one possible explanation for how the very different conditions of the ice ages could have been maintained. ...
... The snow/ice albedo feedback is associated with the higher albedo of ice and snow than all other surface covering. This positive feedback has often been offered as one possible explanation for how the very different conditions of the ice ages could have been maintained. ...
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... and social consequences for Austria. As a first step in this direction, StartClim was initiated in 2003 as an interdisciplinary programme to investigate the impacts of climate change on Austria (www.austroclim.at). StartClim initiates research on topics not yet established in Austria and promotes th ...
... and social consequences for Austria. As a first step in this direction, StartClim was initiated in 2003 as an interdisciplinary programme to investigate the impacts of climate change on Austria (www.austroclim.at). StartClim initiates research on topics not yet established in Austria and promotes th ...
Climate Change and the Emergence of New Organizational
... boost following President Obama’s election in 2008, has since been stalled at the federal level. In Europe, public spending cuts have seen renewable energy subsidies suffer, most notably in the solar power industry (Fortson, 2012). If investments in renewable technologies are crucial to address cli ...
... boost following President Obama’s election in 2008, has since been stalled at the federal level. In Europe, public spending cuts have seen renewable energy subsidies suffer, most notably in the solar power industry (Fortson, 2012). If investments in renewable technologies are crucial to address cli ...
Document
... zone is a home of about 500 million people; comprises ~1/3 of the global forest area [4] and the biggest over the globe bogs and bog-forest landscapes; is a source of about 90% of coniferous industrial wood supply; and contains one-third of the global accumulated organic matter in ecosystems (~80 Pg ...
... zone is a home of about 500 million people; comprises ~1/3 of the global forest area [4] and the biggest over the globe bogs and bog-forest landscapes; is a source of about 90% of coniferous industrial wood supply; and contains one-third of the global accumulated organic matter in ecosystems (~80 Pg ...
Adapting to drought in the Sahel: Lessons for
... The Sahel’s experience of adapting to changes in rainfall on a scale at least comparable to that of climate change scenarios, between the 1960s and the 1990s, suggests that lessons can be learnt that may have a wider utility for policy in the future. The Sahel is a major global agroecological region ...
... The Sahel’s experience of adapting to changes in rainfall on a scale at least comparable to that of climate change scenarios, between the 1960s and the 1990s, suggests that lessons can be learnt that may have a wider utility for policy in the future. The Sahel is a major global agroecological region ...
Arviat Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan
... The range of probable sea level change for Arviat over the next 100 years (from 2010 to 2100, relative to present-day mean sea level rise): ...
... The range of probable sea level change for Arviat over the next 100 years (from 2010 to 2100, relative to present-day mean sea level rise): ...
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
... determined that a single atom of chlorine released into the atmosphere is able to destroy tens of thousands of unstable ozone molecules (O3) (Stolarski and Cicerone, 1974). The ‘ozone layer,’ a band of the atmosphere in which ozone concentrations are high, was already recognised as vital in preventi ...
... determined that a single atom of chlorine released into the atmosphere is able to destroy tens of thousands of unstable ozone molecules (O3) (Stolarski and Cicerone, 1974). The ‘ozone layer,’ a band of the atmosphere in which ozone concentrations are high, was already recognised as vital in preventi ...
Enhancement of the albedo of low stratus marine clouds
... from pre-industrial values, is estimated to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 C with 3 C being the most likely value [Meehl et al., 2007]. The release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causes an imbalance in the radiative budget of the planet. Such imbalance, natural or anthropogenic is referred to ...
... from pre-industrial values, is estimated to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 C with 3 C being the most likely value [Meehl et al., 2007]. The release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causes an imbalance in the radiative budget of the planet. Such imbalance, natural or anthropogenic is referred to ...
mb335e
... pest pressure – as habitats become more favourable for their establishment and development and new niches appear.10 Furthermore, studies suggest that increases in temperature, even if small in magnitude, may have negative impact on tropical insects, including beneficial insects, because they may alr ...
... pest pressure – as habitats become more favourable for their establishment and development and new niches appear.10 Furthermore, studies suggest that increases in temperature, even if small in magnitude, may have negative impact on tropical insects, including beneficial insects, because they may alr ...
here - circle-2
... each location. As a result, their work also represents a great number of advances towards an integrated, proactive, and interdisciplinary management approach to the problems facing Mediterranean coastal areas. With this goal in mind, the participatory experiments undertaken at the local level have b ...
... each location. As a result, their work also represents a great number of advances towards an integrated, proactive, and interdisciplinary management approach to the problems facing Mediterranean coastal areas. With this goal in mind, the participatory experiments undertaken at the local level have b ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.