The Recent Trend and Variance Increase of the
... squares fit, the parameter a is varied until a minimum is obtained in S i [ f r (v i ) 2 2 f (v i ) 2 ]. For determining the confidence levels, 78 degrees of freedom are used for each spectral estimate, where it has been assumed that there are approximately two degrees of freedom for each seasonal p ...
... squares fit, the parameter a is varied until a minimum is obtained in S i [ f r (v i ) 2 2 f (v i ) 2 ]. For determining the confidence levels, 78 degrees of freedom are used for each spectral estimate, where it has been assumed that there are approximately two degrees of freedom for each seasonal p ...
Climate Change and Its Causes - The Science and Public Policy
... Figure 4: Climate sensitivity to CO2 doubling in function of the feedbacks (from Knutti and Hegerl [5]). Note the large uncertainty: a CO2 doubling may cause a global warming from 1 oC to 10 oC at equilibrium. The figure on the left explains why there exists such a large error. The GHG warming theo ...
... Figure 4: Climate sensitivity to CO2 doubling in function of the feedbacks (from Knutti and Hegerl [5]). Note the large uncertainty: a CO2 doubling may cause a global warming from 1 oC to 10 oC at equilibrium. The figure on the left explains why there exists such a large error. The GHG warming theo ...
![6 February 2007. This meeting[2] discussed a background](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009902121_1-108b49c3565409d0074af4dff6c0bc18-300x300.png)
6 February 2007. This meeting[2] discussed a background
... degrees C° since the late 1800s4 and it is projected to increase by another 1.1 to 6.4 degrees C° by the year 2099. The sea level rose on average by 10 to 20 cm during the 20th century, and an additional increase of 0.18 to 0.59 cm is projected by the end of the current century5. Small Island Develo ...
... degrees C° since the late 1800s4 and it is projected to increase by another 1.1 to 6.4 degrees C° by the year 2099. The sea level rose on average by 10 to 20 cm during the 20th century, and an additional increase of 0.18 to 0.59 cm is projected by the end of the current century5. Small Island Develo ...
Author`s personal copy - Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange
... et al., 2007; White et al., 2007a; Alessa et al., 2008a,b). Benefits have also been noted with climate change, including improved hunting opportunities with longer ice-free summers, reduced exposure to the health effects of extreme cold, enhanced opportunities for economic development, and potential ...
... et al., 2007; White et al., 2007a; Alessa et al., 2008a,b). Benefits have also been noted with climate change, including improved hunting opportunities with longer ice-free summers, reduced exposure to the health effects of extreme cold, enhanced opportunities for economic development, and potential ...
Forest growth and species distribution in a changing climate
... In C3 species at low CO2 concentration, photosynthesis is limited by Rubisco activity, which shows little response to temperature because effects on maximum capacity and the Michaelis-Menten constant for CO2 largely cancel each other out (Kirschbaum and Farquhar 1984). At high CO2 concentration, on ...
... In C3 species at low CO2 concentration, photosynthesis is limited by Rubisco activity, which shows little response to temperature because effects on maximum capacity and the Michaelis-Menten constant for CO2 largely cancel each other out (Kirschbaum and Farquhar 1984). At high CO2 concentration, on ...
SAEON Fynbos Node Science Plan: 2016 – 2018
... inputs. Similarly, topographic complexity is commonly cited as having been a driver of diversification (Linder 2003) and maintaining high regional diversity (Cowling and Lombard 2002), but little is known about how topographic complexity affects microclimates or how these microclimates may be affect ...
... inputs. Similarly, topographic complexity is commonly cited as having been a driver of diversification (Linder 2003) and maintaining high regional diversity (Cowling and Lombard 2002), but little is known about how topographic complexity affects microclimates or how these microclimates may be affect ...
emissions - Alan Robock
... -4backscattered insolation will cool Earth. The amount of cooling depends on the amount of aerosols and how long the aerosol cloud is maintained in the stratosphere. Many negative impacts of global warming are strongly correlated with global average surface air temperature, so it would in theory be ...
... -4backscattered insolation will cool Earth. The amount of cooling depends on the amount of aerosols and how long the aerosol cloud is maintained in the stratosphere. Many negative impacts of global warming are strongly correlated with global average surface air temperature, so it would in theory be ...
A Stitch in Time: Lessons for Climate Change Adaptation from the
... We can adapt to climate change and limit the harm. Or we can fail to adapt and risk much more severe consequences. How we respond to this challenge will shape the future in important ways. The climate is already hazardous and always has been. Variations and extremes of climate disrupt our production ...
... We can adapt to climate change and limit the harm. Or we can fail to adapt and risk much more severe consequences. How we respond to this challenge will shape the future in important ways. The climate is already hazardous and always has been. Variations and extremes of climate disrupt our production ...
Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Tanzania
... of ecosystems including freshwater rivers, mountains, drylands, wetlands, savannah, coastal and marine ecosystems, many of which are transboundary like the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem, which is shared between four countries. These ecosystems directly and indirectly support the livelihoods of the popul ...
... of ecosystems including freshwater rivers, mountains, drylands, wetlands, savannah, coastal and marine ecosystems, many of which are transboundary like the Lake Tanganyika ecosystem, which is shared between four countries. These ecosystems directly and indirectly support the livelihoods of the popul ...
Key factors governing uncertainty in the response to sunshade
... To make such projections of future climate, coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs) are needed. GCMs have been used to assess the effectiveness and the potential climate consequences of a range of different proposed solar geoengineering techniques, e.g., sunshade geoengineering [G ...
... To make such projections of future climate, coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs) are needed. GCMs have been used to assess the effectiveness and the potential climate consequences of a range of different proposed solar geoengineering techniques, e.g., sunshade geoengineering [G ...
Future scenarios of European agricultural land use I. Estimating
... The future of agricultural land use in Europe is unknown but is likely to be influenced by the productivity of crops. Changes in crop productivity are difficult to predict but can be explored by scenarios that represent alternative economic and environmental pathways of future development. We develo ...
... The future of agricultural land use in Europe is unknown but is likely to be influenced by the productivity of crops. Changes in crop productivity are difficult to predict but can be explored by scenarios that represent alternative economic and environmental pathways of future development. We develo ...
Deliverable 2F3 Full Costs of Climate Change WP 2F
... model forestry and alternative land use and to quantify climate change impacts and impacts of responses of forest management of forest management. The results obtained for this report are largely in line with the existing literature: large biome shifts are detectable, with boreal trees shifting furt ...
... model forestry and alternative land use and to quantify climate change impacts and impacts of responses of forest management of forest management. The results obtained for this report are largely in line with the existing literature: large biome shifts are detectable, with boreal trees shifting furt ...
Stabilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide via zero emissions—An
... a new CO2 mitigation strategy based on the Zstabilization pathway, we calculated climate projections for test case scenarios using a simplified climate system model.18) A brief description of the model and the values of parameters adopted in the present study are given in the Appendix. It should be n ...
... a new CO2 mitigation strategy based on the Zstabilization pathway, we calculated climate projections for test case scenarios using a simplified climate system model.18) A brief description of the model and the values of parameters adopted in the present study are given in the Appendix. It should be n ...
Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide
... energy balance [1,2], is the human-made increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels. Earth’s response to climate forcings is slowed by the inertia of the global ocean and the great ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica, which require centuries, m ...
... energy balance [1,2], is the human-made increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels. Earth’s response to climate forcings is slowed by the inertia of the global ocean and the great ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica, which require centuries, m ...
Sweden facing climate change - Government Offices of Sweden
... propose various measures to reduce vulnerability and adapt society to long-term climate change and extreme weather events. ...
... propose various measures to reduce vulnerability and adapt society to long-term climate change and extreme weather events. ...
Chapter 10
... Past and present climate trends and variability in Asia are generally characterised by increasing surface air temperature which is more pronounced during winter than in summer. Increasing trends have been observed across the seven subregions of Asia. The observed increases in some parts of Asia duri ...
... Past and present climate trends and variability in Asia are generally characterised by increasing surface air temperature which is more pronounced during winter than in summer. Increasing trends have been observed across the seven subregions of Asia. The observed increases in some parts of Asia duri ...
Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from US Agriculture September 30, 2013
... in economics, and is consequential for policy design across many domains (Samuelson, 1947; Viner, 1958; Davis and Weinstein, 2002; Cutler, Miller, and Norton, 2007; Hornbeck, 2012). The question has been a theoretical focus since at least Samuelson (1947), but has gained particular recent salience i ...
... in economics, and is consequential for policy design across many domains (Samuelson, 1947; Viner, 1958; Davis and Weinstein, 2002; Cutler, Miller, and Norton, 2007; Hornbeck, 2012). The question has been a theoretical focus since at least Samuelson (1947), but has gained particular recent salience i ...
Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees in
... After exploring the link between climate change and displacement, the notion of an “environmental refugee” is considered as a possible platform from which to begin integrating the needs of those affected by climate change displacement into the international legal system. However, limitations as to t ...
... After exploring the link between climate change and displacement, the notion of an “environmental refugee” is considered as a possible platform from which to begin integrating the needs of those affected by climate change displacement into the international legal system. However, limitations as to t ...
Accepted Article
... Recent changes in climate have led to significant shifts in phenology, with many studies demonstrating advanced phenology in response to warming temperatures. The rate of temperature change is especially high in the Arctic, but this is also where we have relatively little data on phenological change ...
... Recent changes in climate have led to significant shifts in phenology, with many studies demonstrating advanced phenology in response to warming temperatures. The rate of temperature change is especially high in the Arctic, but this is also where we have relatively little data on phenological change ...
Static mass-balance sensitivity of Arctic glaciers and ice caps using
... Maritime glaciers showed considerably higher mass-balance sensitivities than continental glaciers, in agreement with similar previous studies. The highest sensitivities were found in Iceland, exceeding those reported in previous studies. Extrapolating our results, glaciers and ice caps north of 608 ...
... Maritime glaciers showed considerably higher mass-balance sensitivities than continental glaciers, in agreement with similar previous studies. The highest sensitivities were found in Iceland, exceeding those reported in previous studies. Extrapolating our results, glaciers and ice caps north of 608 ...
CLIMATE CHANGE Indicators for Ireland (2000-LS-5.2.2-M1) Final Report
... and Innovation Programme under the Productive Sector Operational Programme 2000-2006. The programme is financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006. It is administered on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Local Government by the Environmental Protectio ...
... and Innovation Programme under the Productive Sector Operational Programme 2000-2006. The programme is financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006. It is administered on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Local Government by the Environmental Protectio ...
Meeting the Challenge of Climate Change
... “Eleven of the last 12 years (1995–2006) rank among the warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850).” (IPCC, 2007) The IPCC expects that warming in the 21st century will be greatest over land, and at most, in the higher northern latitudes. It further suggests ...
... “Eleven of the last 12 years (1995–2006) rank among the warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850).” (IPCC, 2007) The IPCC expects that warming in the 21st century will be greatest over land, and at most, in the higher northern latitudes. It further suggests ...
International Workshop on Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate
... change information and the uncertainty related to it is a difficult challenge in adaptation to climate change. Martin Todd (UCL) pointed out that “the confidence in climate projections very much depends on the variables and the regions examined …and… although climate models will continue to improve ...
... change information and the uncertainty related to it is a difficult challenge in adaptation to climate change. Martin Todd (UCL) pointed out that “the confidence in climate projections very much depends on the variables and the regions examined …and… although climate models will continue to improve ...
UNEP and Climate Change
... Message from the Executive Director At the 100th meeting of the Committee of Permanent Representatives (CPR) held in September 2007, while expressing general support for the theme of the Ministerial Consultations for the tenth special session of the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment F ...
... Message from the Executive Director At the 100th meeting of the Committee of Permanent Representatives (CPR) held in September 2007, while expressing general support for the theme of the Ministerial Consultations for the tenth special session of the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment F ...
Migration in the context of vulnerability and adaptation to climate
... environmental conditions.6–8 Certain types of socioeconomic systems are inherently more sensitive to climate-related environmental changes and are therefore more likely to engender adaptive migration. These include systems characterized by agricultural and natural resource-dependence and those withi ...
... environmental conditions.6–8 Certain types of socioeconomic systems are inherently more sensitive to climate-related environmental changes and are therefore more likely to engender adaptive migration. These include systems characterized by agricultural and natural resource-dependence and those withi ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.