Influence of Ocean and Atmosphere Components on
... relative to ESM2M is established early and then maintained over a large range of forcing magnitudes. The warming simulated by the two models rejoins near 4 times CO2 when the radiative forcing is 7 W m22, much larger than that attained in the scenario experiment, nominally 4.5 W m22. Both ESM2G and ...
... relative to ESM2M is established early and then maintained over a large range of forcing magnitudes. The warming simulated by the two models rejoins near 4 times CO2 when the radiative forcing is 7 W m22, much larger than that attained in the scenario experiment, nominally 4.5 W m22. Both ESM2G and ...
Floods in the Sahel: an analysis of anomalies, Petra Tschakert
... and speculations regarding a potential shift to substantially wetter periods (Ozer et al. 2002; Hubert et al. 2005) seem to thrive in academic circles only. Even scientific consensus on the role of tropical oceans and sea surface temperature anomalies as major driving forces in the 1970s and 1980s d ...
... and speculations regarding a potential shift to substantially wetter periods (Ozer et al. 2002; Hubert et al. 2005) seem to thrive in academic circles only. Even scientific consensus on the role of tropical oceans and sea surface temperature anomalies as major driving forces in the 1970s and 1980s d ...
environmental, economic and social impacts of
... of the area covered with ice etc. In terms of the climate the present turns to be another interim period between two glacier periods having started 9–10 thousand years ago. One should take into account that all those processes are very slow; their impact on climate change is much weaker than the ant ...
... of the area covered with ice etc. In terms of the climate the present turns to be another interim period between two glacier periods having started 9–10 thousand years ago. One should take into account that all those processes are very slow; their impact on climate change is much weaker than the ant ...
Federal Decision-Making on the Uncertain Impacts of Climate Change
... types of decisions covered a varied and broad range of issues, including domestic legal, energy, climate, and species protection, as well as the international negotiations process. While each decision called for information on impacts, the type and threshold of information required differed. This ...
... types of decisions covered a varied and broad range of issues, including domestic legal, energy, climate, and species protection, as well as the international negotiations process. While each decision called for information on impacts, the type and threshold of information required differed. This ...
Predicting regional climate change: living with uncertainty
... prompted countries to sign and ratify the UN/FCCC and then to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 (which sets specific targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions – Masood, 1997) has been summarized in a series of influential reports prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC ...
... prompted countries to sign and ratify the UN/FCCC and then to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 (which sets specific targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions – Masood, 1997) has been summarized in a series of influential reports prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC ...
Climate Change Negative - St. Louis Urban Debate League
... the human species. Global Warming- the calculation of the rise in the temperature of the Earth’s climate system Green Energy- or renewable energy come from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, plants, algae and geothermal heat. Greenhouse Gas (GHG)- a gas that contributes to the gree ...
... the human species. Global Warming- the calculation of the rise in the temperature of the Earth’s climate system Green Energy- or renewable energy come from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, plants, algae and geothermal heat. Greenhouse Gas (GHG)- a gas that contributes to the gree ...
Official PDF , 39 pages
... with the harmful effects of climate change. Besides this, the effects of two climate change scenarios (MAGICC/SCENGEN and GCMs – General Circulation Models) were considered. The empirical results from the standard Ricardian model (Model 1) showed that a rise in temperature would have negative effect ...
... with the harmful effects of climate change. Besides this, the effects of two climate change scenarios (MAGICC/SCENGEN and GCMs – General Circulation Models) were considered. The empirical results from the standard Ricardian model (Model 1) showed that a rise in temperature would have negative effect ...
Wine Grape Suitability and Quality in a Changing Climate
... regions pose huge threats to the wine industry, as regions that were once well suited to grow grapes, or certain varietals, may no longer be as well suited. Understanding the importance between site selection and varietal matching is probably the single most important element to viticulture. The win ...
... regions pose huge threats to the wine industry, as regions that were once well suited to grow grapes, or certain varietals, may no longer be as well suited. Understanding the importance between site selection and varietal matching is probably the single most important element to viticulture. The win ...
World Bank Document - Arab Trade Union Confederation
... with the harmful effects of climate change. Besides this, the effects of two climate change scenarios (MAGICC/SCENGEN and GCMs – General Circulation Models) were considered. The empirical results from the standard Ricardian model (Model 1) showed that a rise in temperature would have negative effect ...
... with the harmful effects of climate change. Besides this, the effects of two climate change scenarios (MAGICC/SCENGEN and GCMs – General Circulation Models) were considered. The empirical results from the standard Ricardian model (Model 1) showed that a rise in temperature would have negative effect ...
Novel Approaches to Study Climate Change Effects on Terrestrial
... minimum temperatures (Tmin) which have increased twice as much as maximum temperatures (Tmax), primarily because of increased cloudiness (IPCC 1995). The increased minimum rather than average temperatures have been shown important for the effects (Alward and others 1999). This increase in global tem ...
... minimum temperatures (Tmin) which have increased twice as much as maximum temperatures (Tmax), primarily because of increased cloudiness (IPCC 1995). The increased minimum rather than average temperatures have been shown important for the effects (Alward and others 1999). This increase in global tem ...
Land - Use/Land Cover Change as a
... Estimated radiative forcings since preindustrial times for the Earth and Troposphere system (TOA) radiative forcing with adjusted stratospheric temperatures). The height of the rectangular bar denotes a central or best estimate of the forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertai ...
... Estimated radiative forcings since preindustrial times for the Earth and Troposphere system (TOA) radiative forcing with adjusted stratospheric temperatures). The height of the rectangular bar denotes a central or best estimate of the forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertai ...
Climate change, the environment and armed con
... However, it has to be borne in mind that changes in the environment alone will not be a threat to international peace and security i.e. it is not likely to be the sole reason to trigger the outbreak of armed conflict.21 It is environmental changes, with the combination of existing divisions within s ...
... However, it has to be borne in mind that changes in the environment alone will not be a threat to international peace and security i.e. it is not likely to be the sole reason to trigger the outbreak of armed conflict.21 It is environmental changes, with the combination of existing divisions within s ...
97% Consensus? No! Global Warming Math
... what form of human activity or ratio of impact they ascribe. Clearly 34% of scientists do not explicitly agree with the IPCC declaration. Of itself, the various IPCC declarations do not state that warming is dangerous. It is in the many climate models that human activity is ascribed as being potenti ...
... what form of human activity or ratio of impact they ascribe. Clearly 34% of scientists do not explicitly agree with the IPCC declaration. Of itself, the various IPCC declarations do not state that warming is dangerous. It is in the many climate models that human activity is ascribed as being potenti ...
PDF
... The UMRB has a drainage area of 431,000 km2 up to the point just before confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers (near Grafton, Illinois) and covers parts of seven states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana (Figure 1). Land cover in the basin is divers ...
... The UMRB has a drainage area of 431,000 km2 up to the point just before confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers (near Grafton, Illinois) and covers parts of seven states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana (Figure 1). Land cover in the basin is divers ...
NPS Central AK report - Scenarios Network for Alaska + Arctic
... A climate variable that drives changes in weather, vegetation, habitat, wildlife, etc. Also referred to as a critical force and a scenario driver. ...
... A climate variable that drives changes in weather, vegetation, habitat, wildlife, etc. Also referred to as a critical force and a scenario driver. ...
Prediction of Future Change of Water Demand Following Global
... years from 1994 in Adana is given in Fig. 2. Annual air temperature is 18.0, 18.2 and 19.2 ℃, respectively for the GCM, MRI and observed data. Although the GCM and MRI data show about same average values, annual pattern is different. Predicted air temperatures with the GCM data denote lower values t ...
... years from 1994 in Adana is given in Fig. 2. Annual air temperature is 18.0, 18.2 and 19.2 ℃, respectively for the GCM, MRI and observed data. Although the GCM and MRI data show about same average values, annual pattern is different. Predicted air temperatures with the GCM data denote lower values t ...
Global air temperature variability independent of sea
... 1 Introduction Changes in annual mean global surface air temperature (SAT) are at the heart of current climate change science and policy. Graphical images of the SAT time series, like the Mauna Loa carbon dioxide curve, have taken on almost iconic status as a primary illustration of climate change. ...
... 1 Introduction Changes in annual mean global surface air temperature (SAT) are at the heart of current climate change science and policy. Graphical images of the SAT time series, like the Mauna Loa carbon dioxide curve, have taken on almost iconic status as a primary illustration of climate change. ...
A Summary of the Assessment Process of the Intergovernmental
... AR4 was taken in 2002. Similarly the Fifth Assessment round began with the election of the new bureau in 2008 and is to be completed in 2013 (WG I) and 2014 (WG II and WG III). Given this mandate, the IPCC Bureau organises one or more scoping meetings to consider the structure and coverage, but not ...
... AR4 was taken in 2002. Similarly the Fifth Assessment round began with the election of the new bureau in 2008 and is to be completed in 2013 (WG I) and 2014 (WG II and WG III). Given this mandate, the IPCC Bureau organises one or more scoping meetings to consider the structure and coverage, but not ...
Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
... coal, wood, dung, and agricultural residues.20 In 2000, global emissions of black carbon were estimated at approximately 7.5 million tons, with a large uncertainty range.21 Black carbon is co-emitted with other pollutants, some of which are light in color and cause cooling by scattering solar radiat ...
... coal, wood, dung, and agricultural residues.20 In 2000, global emissions of black carbon were estimated at approximately 7.5 million tons, with a large uncertainty range.21 Black carbon is co-emitted with other pollutants, some of which are light in color and cause cooling by scattering solar radiat ...
Salick BygKonchar_Tibetan Agriculture and Climate
... Lhasa. Results indicate that perceived causes of and reactions to climate change are often spiritual as with many other indigenous peoples around the world. In addition, tourists, pollution (both physical and spiritual), cars and electricity are often blamed for changes in climate. Both traditional ...
... Lhasa. Results indicate that perceived causes of and reactions to climate change are often spiritual as with many other indigenous peoples around the world. In addition, tourists, pollution (both physical and spiritual), cars and electricity are often blamed for changes in climate. Both traditional ...
Climate influences the demography of three dominant sagebrush
... paddocks grazed at medium intensity spring through fall. All quadrats were located on similar topography and soils. Distances between quadrats within each group (paddock or exclosure) are in the tens and hundreds of meters, while distances between groups are roughly 1–3 km. Using a pantograph (Hill ...
... paddocks grazed at medium intensity spring through fall. All quadrats were located on similar topography and soils. Distances between quadrats within each group (paddock or exclosure) are in the tens and hundreds of meters, while distances between groups are roughly 1–3 km. Using a pantograph (Hill ...
Strengthening southern Africa`s response to global change
... The Climate Risk and Vulnerability Handbook for Southern Africa was designed to provide decision makers with up-to-date information on impact and risk of climate change and variability. It is structured according to four questions dealing with observations of past, current and future climate; the li ...
... The Climate Risk and Vulnerability Handbook for Southern Africa was designed to provide decision makers with up-to-date information on impact and risk of climate change and variability. It is structured according to four questions dealing with observations of past, current and future climate; the li ...
Full-Text PDF
... sequence as the observations. Our downscaled output is a set of 66 weather station-specific synthetic future temperature projections for daily mean temperature in each city from 2010 to 2099 based on three 30-year time slices, defined as the 2020s (2010 to 2039), 2050s (2040 to 2069) the 2080s (2070 ...
... sequence as the observations. Our downscaled output is a set of 66 weather station-specific synthetic future temperature projections for daily mean temperature in each city from 2010 to 2099 based on three 30-year time slices, defined as the 2020s (2010 to 2039), 2050s (2040 to 2069) the 2080s (2070 ...
Global warming in the public sphere
... marine environments. Given this basic set of scientific facts about global warming available by the 1960s, the issue of global warming could have emerged at least on the western social and political agenda much earlier than it did. At this time, media attention had also begun to include coverage of g ...
... marine environments. Given this basic set of scientific facts about global warming available by the 1960s, the issue of global warming could have emerged at least on the western social and political agenda much earlier than it did. At this time, media attention had also begun to include coverage of g ...
Climate change and agriculture: Agricultural trade, markets and
... The price of imports can be affected both directly and indirectly by climate change. If increased production from the areas that will ‘benefit’ from climate change is smaller than the decline in those that will ‘lose’, global supply will fall and prices will rise. This direct impact would be additio ...
... The price of imports can be affected both directly and indirectly by climate change. If increased production from the areas that will ‘benefit’ from climate change is smaller than the decline in those that will ‘lose’, global supply will fall and prices will rise. This direct impact would be additio ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.