03-232 Biochemistry
... Some amino acids are converted to keto acids by transaminases, the amino group is replaced by a C=O (keto) group. (2pt) they can then enter the TCA cycle (2pt) . Alanine enters as pyruvate, glutamic acid as keto-glutarate, and aspartic acid as oxaloacetate. This would all occur in the mitochondrial ...
... Some amino acids are converted to keto acids by transaminases, the amino group is replaced by a C=O (keto) group. (2pt) they can then enter the TCA cycle (2pt) . Alanine enters as pyruvate, glutamic acid as keto-glutarate, and aspartic acid as oxaloacetate. This would all occur in the mitochondrial ...
Cellular respiration
... Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism • (Catabolism is the metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of Glucose energy.) CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation ...
... Pyruvate is a key juncture in catabolism • (Catabolism is the metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of Glucose energy.) CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation ...
Cell Respiration WebQuest(09)
... Go to About.com: Biology: Cellular Respiration. Read about ATP yields. (http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa090601a.htm) 12. How many ATPs are produced total in cellular respiration? ...
... Go to About.com: Biology: Cellular Respiration. Read about ATP yields. (http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa090601a.htm) 12. How many ATPs are produced total in cellular respiration? ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... monoacylglycerols, the chylomicrons progressively shrink until they are reduced down to cholesterol enriched remnants. The remnants are absorbed by the liver releasing the dietary cholesterol. III. Activation and Transport of Fatty Acids Into the Mitochondrial Matrix. Fatty acids are oxidized in the ...
... monoacylglycerols, the chylomicrons progressively shrink until they are reduced down to cholesterol enriched remnants. The remnants are absorbed by the liver releasing the dietary cholesterol. III. Activation and Transport of Fatty Acids Into the Mitochondrial Matrix. Fatty acids are oxidized in the ...
Kreb`s cycle - Secondary Education
... C How does the cell use the charge differences that build up as a result of electron transport? The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. As H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs ...
... C How does the cell use the charge differences that build up as a result of electron transport? The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases. As H+ ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs ...
Respiration Notes - Streetsboro City Schools
... Electron transport chain- the process in which high-energy electrons convert ADP to ATP (a lot of it). ATP- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy ...
... Electron transport chain- the process in which high-energy electrons convert ADP to ATP (a lot of it). ATP- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy ...
Cellular Respiration WebQuest
... (http://chemistry.about.com/od/testsquizzes/l/blcellularrespirationquiz.htm) Take the quiz. In the space below, or on the another sheet of paper, write the question number followed by the correct answer. ...
... (http://chemistry.about.com/od/testsquizzes/l/blcellularrespirationquiz.htm) Take the quiz. In the space below, or on the another sheet of paper, write the question number followed by the correct answer. ...
LIPID MOBILIZATION
... Activation via Acyl CoA synthetase (make Fatty Acyl CoA) Carnitine Fatty acyl transfer via CAT I and CPT I Acyl carnitine is transported across mito membrane Acyl carnitine is converted to Acyl CoA + carnitine by CATII/CPTII (in the inner surface of the membrane) ...
... Activation via Acyl CoA synthetase (make Fatty Acyl CoA) Carnitine Fatty acyl transfer via CAT I and CPT I Acyl carnitine is transported across mito membrane Acyl carnitine is converted to Acyl CoA + carnitine by CATII/CPTII (in the inner surface of the membrane) ...
glycolysis and respiration
... y, harvestingg 2 ATP. Since the ETS can’t be used without oxygen, the NADH can’t be used to generate more ATP. Without oxygen the pyruvate can’t be metabolized either because its metabolism depends on NADH being oxidized in the ETS. ETS Without a mechanism to y NADH back to recycle NAD, glycolysis w ...
... y, harvestingg 2 ATP. Since the ETS can’t be used without oxygen, the NADH can’t be used to generate more ATP. Without oxygen the pyruvate can’t be metabolized either because its metabolism depends on NADH being oxidized in the ETS. ETS Without a mechanism to y NADH back to recycle NAD, glycolysis w ...
ER calcium release promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic
... biology: oxidative metabolism and apoptosis. Calcium ions act as essential cofactors by activating several CAC enzymes, particularly dehydrogenases, and transporters involved in the malateeaspartate redox shuttle [17e20]. Calcium fluxes also initiate mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Pro- and anti-ap ...
... biology: oxidative metabolism and apoptosis. Calcium ions act as essential cofactors by activating several CAC enzymes, particularly dehydrogenases, and transporters involved in the malateeaspartate redox shuttle [17e20]. Calcium fluxes also initiate mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Pro- and anti-ap ...
Cellular Respiration
... acid enters the pathways of aerobic respiration. (Aerobic respiration is covered in detail in the next section.) In anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent), however, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The c ...
... acid enters the pathways of aerobic respiration. (Aerobic respiration is covered in detail in the next section.) In anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent), however, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The c ...
Friday Calvin Cycle How you will always remember… Rubisco
... • 10 step process to produce ATP, NADH, and pyruvate ...
... • 10 step process to produce ATP, NADH, and pyruvate ...
An Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
... (from acetyl CoA) with oxaloacetate. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 in the successive decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. 2. Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions. Two molecules of NAD+ are ...
... (from acetyl CoA) with oxaloacetate. Two carbon atoms leave the cycle in the form of CO2 in the successive decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. 2. Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions. Two molecules of NAD+ are ...
Lecture 35 - Lipid Metabolism 1
... Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation enters the Citrate Cycle only if carbohydrate metabolism is properly balanced. When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetylCoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the "extra" acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, ...
... Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation enters the Citrate Cycle only if carbohydrate metabolism is properly balanced. When fatty acid oxidation produces more acetylCoA than can be combined with OAA to form citrate, then the "extra" acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA and ketone bodies, ...
DANIELE GHEZZI Matr. N°. 708361 Identification and
... Mitochondria are intracellular organelles, ubiquitously found in eukaryotes. They originated from a primitive, bacteria-like organism that colonized primitive eukaryotic cells and created an endosymbiotic relationship with them (Margulis et al. 1976). Mitochondria, thanks to their capacity to suppor ...
... Mitochondria are intracellular organelles, ubiquitously found in eukaryotes. They originated from a primitive, bacteria-like organism that colonized primitive eukaryotic cells and created an endosymbiotic relationship with them (Margulis et al. 1976). Mitochondria, thanks to their capacity to suppor ...
Slide 1
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation involves electron transport and chemiosmosis and requires an adequate supply of oxygen – NADH and FADH2 and the inner membrane of the mitochondria are also involved – A H+ ion gradient formed from all of the re ...
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation involves electron transport and chemiosmosis and requires an adequate supply of oxygen – NADH and FADH2 and the inner membrane of the mitochondria are also involved – A H+ ion gradient formed from all of the re ...
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation involves electron transport and chemiosmosis and requires an adequate supply of oxygen – NADH and FADH2 and the inner membrane of the mitochondria are also involved – A H+ ion gradient formed from all of the re ...
... 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation involves electron transport and chemiosmosis and requires an adequate supply of oxygen – NADH and FADH2 and the inner membrane of the mitochondria are also involved – A H+ ion gradient formed from all of the re ...
doc BIOC 311 Final Study Guide
... residues actually perform the catalysis, the rest are actually inhibited from participating in the reaction and instead form a 'scaffold'. b. The residues of the active site are not subsequent residues of the enzyme's primary sequence, but are brought into proximity by long-range protein folding. 3. ...
... residues actually perform the catalysis, the rest are actually inhibited from participating in the reaction and instead form a 'scaffold'. b. The residues of the active site are not subsequent residues of the enzyme's primary sequence, but are brought into proximity by long-range protein folding. 3. ...
The potato tuber mitochondrial proteome
... require additional phylogenetic analysis to determine their orthologs. The existence of a ...
... require additional phylogenetic analysis to determine their orthologs. The existence of a ...
Biology 5.3 Cellular Respiration
... pyruvate during glycolysis. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process (no oxygen required), and it results in a gain of two ATP molecules. In the second stage of cellular respiration, the pyruvate passes through either aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) or fermentation. When oxygen is not present, ferme ...
... pyruvate during glycolysis. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process (no oxygen required), and it results in a gain of two ATP molecules. In the second stage of cellular respiration, the pyruvate passes through either aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) or fermentation. When oxygen is not present, ferme ...
Recent developments in photorespiration research
... provide CH2 -THF for biosynthetic reactions. Only one out of probably five SHMTs present in Arabidopsis, AtSHMT1, contributes significantly to photorespiratory metabolism [26]. Intriguingly, this enzyme is activated by Fd-GOGAT (ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase), which is normally responsible ...
... provide CH2 -THF for biosynthetic reactions. Only one out of probably five SHMTs present in Arabidopsis, AtSHMT1, contributes significantly to photorespiratory metabolism [26]. Intriguingly, this enzyme is activated by Fd-GOGAT (ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase), which is normally responsible ...
part_4_cellular_respiration_stations
... Lactic acid fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that does not require oxygen. It occurs in muscle cells found in humans. Muscle cells normally use aerobic respiration when oxygen is sufficient. When oxygen is insufficient during vigorous activity, the muscles “switch” over to using anaer ...
... Lactic acid fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that does not require oxygen. It occurs in muscle cells found in humans. Muscle cells normally use aerobic respiration when oxygen is sufficient. When oxygen is insufficient during vigorous activity, the muscles “switch” over to using anaer ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.