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The Citric Acid Cycle
The Citric Acid Cycle

... – Part of the citric acid cycle – Bypasses the decarboxylation with two different enzymes • Isocitrate lyase • Malate synthase ...
3 hours - The University of Winnipeg
3 hours - The University of Winnipeg

... a. Eo’ for this reaction is the value of the standard reduction potential for the reduction of NAD+ minus the value of the standard reduction potential for the reduction of ß-keto-acyl-CoA. b. Eo’ for this reaction is the value of the standard reduction potential for the reduction of NAD+ plus the s ...
Chapter 19
Chapter 19

... • Excess of acetyl-CoA is converted to ketone bodies (acetoacetate + β-hydroxybutyrate) in mitochondria of liver cells. Ketone bodies are used as energy source. • 3 Acetyl-CoA are condensed to β-hydroxyl-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), and then break down to acetoacetate & acetyl-CoA by HMG-CoA lyas ...
CH7Cellular-Respiration
CH7Cellular-Respiration

... • Step 3, Pyruvate Production – In a series of 4 reactions, each of the 3 – carbon sugars are converted into a 3 – carbon molecule of pyruvate, resulting in 4 ATP molecules. • BUT 2 ATP molecules were used in step one, so net total for glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules ...
You Light Up My Life - Hillsborough Community College
You Light Up My Life - Hillsborough Community College

... • What are the sources of electrons used to generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
Respiratio
Respiratio

... Protons are released in matrix and electrons pass to CoQ. Electrons then pass through cytochromes b, c, c1, a and a3. Finally electrons are accepted oxygen to form ionic oxygenic which combines with 2H+ from matrix to form metabolic water. This is called terminal oxidation. 6. During electron transp ...
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate Ž Acetyl-CoA
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate Ž Acetyl-CoA

... • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate Ž Acetyl-CoA
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate Ž Acetyl-CoA

... • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
espiration - WordPress.com
espiration - WordPress.com

... Mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae. ...
Cellular Respiration - Napa Valley College
Cellular Respiration - Napa Valley College

... Cellular Metabolism §  Some of the reactions provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP. §  Aerobic Cellular Respiration – requires oxygen, produces carbon dioxide. §  Anaerobic Fermentation – does not require oxygen, does not produce carbon dioxide. ...
unit 1: introduction to biology
unit 1: introduction to biology

... biochemist Peter Mitchell who first described this mechanism in the 1960s  it is called osmosis since protons are separated by a biological membrane which prevents free diffusion of these solutes cross this barrier; they can only pass the membrane through selective membrane openings (= pores)  cel ...
Direction of Krebs cycle Which way does the citric acid cycle turn
Direction of Krebs cycle Which way does the citric acid cycle turn

... The product of KGDHC, succinyl-CoA is the substrate for 'substrate-level phosphorylation" performed by succinate thiokinase, a reversible enzyme (also known as succinyl-CoA ligase). Succinate thiokinase is a heterodimer enzyme being composed of an invariant α subunit encoded by SUCLG1 and a substrat ...
Natural selection in vertebrate evolution under genomic and
Natural selection in vertebrate evolution under genomic and

... ties in the phenotypes of organisms that lived on geologically isolated islands. The theory of biological evolution has been further developed by palaeontology [1], using phenotypic changes in fossils, and by molecular biology [2], using genotypic changes (nucleotides or amino acids) in living organ ...
Membrane Transport - Bioenergetics and Cell Metabolism
Membrane Transport - Bioenergetics and Cell Metabolism

... There are two problems to be considered ...
File - Jolyon Johnson
File - Jolyon Johnson

... • 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP produced per cycle • Fats are “stored energy” because they break down into acetate and enter the Krebs cycle • Ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate form into amino acids to build proteins • There are two cycles for one glucose molecule ...
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA

... • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

... Because they could harness so much of the potential energy of food molecules, organisms using this oxygen-involving process had an enormous evolutionary advantage. ...
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
Chapter 20 TCA Cycle Bridging Reaction: Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA

... • (This same intermediate is formed by pyruvate decarboxylase in yeast alcoholic fermentation). ...
Chapter 9
Chapter 9

... A) glycolysis → NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen B) citric acid cycle → FADH2 → electron transport chain → ATP C) electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen D) pyruvate → citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen E) citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → ...
Microbial Metabolism
Microbial Metabolism

... then they will use fermentation. Some organisms are obligate fermenters (can only ferment carbon compounds) while others are facultative fermenters (i.e., have citric acid cycle and electron transport chain) ...
Nutrition and Metabolism (Chap 4)
Nutrition and Metabolism (Chap 4)

... then they will use fermentation. Some organisms are obligate fermenters (can only ferment carbon compounds) while others are facultative fermenters (i.e., have citric acid cycle and electron transport chain) ...
Summary of fatty acid synthesis
Summary of fatty acid synthesis

... 1. Additional two-carbon units can be added to palmitate by separate enzyme systems contained in the ER and mitochondria. 2. Certain cell types in the brain can add up to a total of 24 carbon units to an acyl chain 3. Enzymes present in the ER (mixed-function oxidases) are responsible for desaturat ...
Role of Mitochondria in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Role of Mitochondria in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

... and epidemiology [7]. NAFLD affects about 30% of the general population in western society, and is recognized as the most common cause of liver dysfunction worldwide [8]. A 2%–3% subset of patients with NAFLD develop NASH, and 5%–8% of NASH patients develop liver cirrhosis within five years [9,10]. ...
How Cells Release Chemical Energy
How Cells Release Chemical Energy

...  Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells  An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
Document
Document

...  Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells  An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
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Mitochondrion



The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.
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