The elusive definition of pandemic influenza
... different sub-type from strains circulating the year before. This phenomenon is called “antigenic shift”. If such viruses have the potential to spread readily from person-to-person, then more widespread and severe epidemics may occur, usually to a similar extent in every country within a few months ...
... different sub-type from strains circulating the year before. This phenomenon is called “antigenic shift”. If such viruses have the potential to spread readily from person-to-person, then more widespread and severe epidemics may occur, usually to a similar extent in every country within a few months ...
... (Cook et al., 1991). In laying turkeys, the virus has been shown to cause substantial drops in egg production and poor egg shell quality, both under field (Stuart, 1989) and experimental (Cook et al., 1996) conditions. Avian pneumovirus has also been incriminated as a pathogen in chickens and can ce ...
convención sobre las especies migratorias
... The goal of the meeting was to address the migratory bird and environmental aspects of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 epidemic. Sound scientific information, including an understanding of the environment and migratory bird populations, is a necessity for understanding the ...
... The goal of the meeting was to address the migratory bird and environmental aspects of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 epidemic. Sound scientific information, including an understanding of the environment and migratory bird populations, is a necessity for understanding the ...
Risk factors for the occurrence and spread of Highly Pathogenic
... poultry farms in the State were evaluated. A total of 64 farms comprising 32 affected (AF) and 32 non-affected (NAF) farms were enrolled for this study. Questionnaires were designed and administered to the selected farms through interviews with farm owners or farm managers during on-site visits. Inf ...
... poultry farms in the State were evaluated. A total of 64 farms comprising 32 affected (AF) and 32 non-affected (NAF) farms were enrolled for this study. Questionnaires were designed and administered to the selected farms through interviews with farm owners or farm managers during on-site visits. Inf ...
ADAPTATION OF INDIGENOUS INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE
... and Saif (2002) adapted the serotype 2 OH (Ohio) strain of IBDV 10 times and investigated the pathogenic potential of the virus to chicken embryos. Their results showed that OH strain could be pathogenic to chicken embryos, as evidenced by development of pathogenic changes in early passages in embry ...
... and Saif (2002) adapted the serotype 2 OH (Ohio) strain of IBDV 10 times and investigated the pathogenic potential of the virus to chicken embryos. Their results showed that OH strain could be pathogenic to chicken embryos, as evidenced by development of pathogenic changes in early passages in embry ...
Full text in pdf format
... cloning of wild-type virus in the presence of the RB/B5 and 193-110/B4 MAbs. When tested in rainbow trout, some of the variants showed higher virulence than the original isolate while others showed similar or lower virulence (Roberti 1987). The results from this study have implications for vaccine d ...
... cloning of wild-type virus in the presence of the RB/B5 and 193-110/B4 MAbs. When tested in rainbow trout, some of the variants showed higher virulence than the original isolate while others showed similar or lower virulence (Roberti 1987). The results from this study have implications for vaccine d ...
Rate of Multiplication in the Mouse Lung of Unadapted and Adapted
... determining the infectious titer in eggs of suspensions of adapted and unadapted lines of influenza virus, it was possible, by appropriate dilution, to prepare inocula containing approximately equal concentrations of virus of both lines. Dilutions of the suspensions were considered to be equivalent ...
... determining the infectious titer in eggs of suspensions of adapted and unadapted lines of influenza virus, it was possible, by appropriate dilution, to prepare inocula containing approximately equal concentrations of virus of both lines. Dilutions of the suspensions were considered to be equivalent ...
Is swine flu
... The CDC says that a good way to prevent any flu disease is to avoid exposure to the virus; this is done by frequent hand washing, not touching your hands to your face (especially the nose and mouth), and avoiding any close proximity to or touching any person who may have flu symptoms. Since the viru ...
... The CDC says that a good way to prevent any flu disease is to avoid exposure to the virus; this is done by frequent hand washing, not touching your hands to your face (especially the nose and mouth), and avoiding any close proximity to or touching any person who may have flu symptoms. Since the viru ...
General Properties of Viruses
... fusion to occur and are unable to fuse directly with the plasma membrane. These viruses are taken up by invagination of clathrin coated pits into endosomes. As the endosomes become acidified, the latent fusion activity of the virus proteins becomes activated by the fall in pH and the virion membrane ...
... fusion to occur and are unable to fuse directly with the plasma membrane. These viruses are taken up by invagination of clathrin coated pits into endosomes. As the endosomes become acidified, the latent fusion activity of the virus proteins becomes activated by the fall in pH and the virion membrane ...
James Chu
... The majority of research on viruses of E. histolytica stem from a series of papers published by Diamond et al. from 1972 to 1977. In 1972, they hypothesized two separate polyhedral and filamentous viral strains within E. histolytica that caused cell lysis. I now turn to present their data, which was ...
... The majority of research on viruses of E. histolytica stem from a series of papers published by Diamond et al. from 1972 to 1977. In 1972, they hypothesized two separate polyhedral and filamentous viral strains within E. histolytica that caused cell lysis. I now turn to present their data, which was ...
Strategy Plan for Execution of Influenza Pandemic Response
... Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Iraq, and Turkey and into Europe can be traced back to the same source with the avian flu virus that infected wild birds in Qinghai Lake in northwestern China in spring 2005.[1,2] Besides, a survey around Poyang Lake in China showed that as much as 3.1% of wild duck excretion wa ...
... Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Iraq, and Turkey and into Europe can be traced back to the same source with the avian flu virus that infected wild birds in Qinghai Lake in northwestern China in spring 2005.[1,2] Besides, a survey around Poyang Lake in China showed that as much as 3.1% of wild duck excretion wa ...
Modeling classical swine fever spread using a spatial hybrid model
... The contacts from herd-to-herd of vehicles transporting pigs are the same as those used for simulating the ”direct contacts”. The probability of transmission due to the contact of a vehicle transporting pigs from and ”infected” herd i to another herd j was modeled using a Bernoulli distribution with ...
... The contacts from herd-to-herd of vehicles transporting pigs are the same as those used for simulating the ”direct contacts”. The probability of transmission due to the contact of a vehicle transporting pigs from and ”infected” herd i to another herd j was modeled using a Bernoulli distribution with ...
Recent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses
... Influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness which has afflicted humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses are part of the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B and C according to antigenic characteristics of the core proteins. Influenza A viruses infect a large ...
... Influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness which has afflicted humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses are part of the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B and C according to antigenic characteristics of the core proteins. Influenza A viruses infect a large ...
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Questions
... This product should be preferentially offered to children in this age group. A 2nd dose of influenza vaccine is recommended 4 weeks later for children receiving influenza vaccine for the first time that season. (See question 15). ...
... This product should be preferentially offered to children in this age group. A 2nd dose of influenza vaccine is recommended 4 weeks later for children receiving influenza vaccine for the first time that season. (See question 15). ...
Shapes of Viruses
... occur and are unable to fuse directly with the plasma membrane. These viruses are taken up by invagination of clathrin coated pits into endosomes. As the endosomes become acidified, the latent fusion activity of the virus proteins becomes activated by the fall in pH and the virion membrane fuses wit ...
... occur and are unable to fuse directly with the plasma membrane. These viruses are taken up by invagination of clathrin coated pits into endosomes. As the endosomes become acidified, the latent fusion activity of the virus proteins becomes activated by the fall in pH and the virion membrane fuses wit ...
Guidance on the use of antiviral agents for the treatment and
... for dosage). In immunosuppressed patients, if no clinical improvement is seen within 5 days, test for antiviral resistance (at NVRL) (see section 1.3 for dosage and treatment schedule). 4. Suspected or confirmed oseltamivir resistant influenza in a patient who requires treatment: Zanamivir (inhaler) ...
... for dosage). In immunosuppressed patients, if no clinical improvement is seen within 5 days, test for antiviral resistance (at NVRL) (see section 1.3 for dosage and treatment schedule). 4. Suspected or confirmed oseltamivir resistant influenza in a patient who requires treatment: Zanamivir (inhaler) ...
Product Monograph for Fluad
... FLUAD Pediatric™/FLUAD® should under no circumstances be administered by any other route than intramuscularly. Antibody response in patients with endogenous or iatrogenic immunosuppression may be insufficient. Prior to administration of any dose of FLUAD Pediatric™/FLUAD®, the vaccine recipient shou ...
... FLUAD Pediatric™/FLUAD® should under no circumstances be administered by any other route than intramuscularly. Antibody response in patients with endogenous or iatrogenic immunosuppression may be insufficient. Prior to administration of any dose of FLUAD Pediatric™/FLUAD®, the vaccine recipient shou ...
Difference in virus excretion and transmission between dairy cows and calves in the course of an acute FMDV infection
... calculated which represents the total virus excretion in oro-pharyngeal fluid per animal for the full sampled period of 14 days. Two binary variables ‘age’ (calf or cow) and ‘status’ (inoculated or contact-exposed) were included as fixed variables and ‘group’ (experimental unit) as a random effect. ...
... calculated which represents the total virus excretion in oro-pharyngeal fluid per animal for the full sampled period of 14 days. Two binary variables ‘age’ (calf or cow) and ‘status’ (inoculated or contact-exposed) were included as fixed variables and ‘group’ (experimental unit) as a random effect. ...
Nipah Virus: Effects of Urbanization and Climate Change
... outbreak occurred among hospitalized patients, family of these patients and medical staff of 4 different hospitals [11]. A few years later, another outbreak of Nipah Virus took place in 2007 from April 9th to 28th in the village Belechuapara in Nadia, West Bengal [12]. This time 5 cases were reporte ...
... outbreak occurred among hospitalized patients, family of these patients and medical staff of 4 different hospitals [11]. A few years later, another outbreak of Nipah Virus took place in 2007 from April 9th to 28th in the village Belechuapara in Nadia, West Bengal [12]. This time 5 cases were reporte ...
Antibodies to selected pathogens in wild boar () from Catalonia
... 2006; Vengust et al. 2006). The high infection rate in domestic pig herds, especially with PCV2 and PPV, suggests that they could be the source of infection for the wild boars (Ruiz-Fons et al. 2008). In addition, the low seroprevalence found in PYR against PPV and PCV2 supports this hypothesis beca ...
... 2006; Vengust et al. 2006). The high infection rate in domestic pig herds, especially with PCV2 and PPV, suggests that they could be the source of infection for the wild boars (Ruiz-Fons et al. 2008). In addition, the low seroprevalence found in PYR against PPV and PCV2 supports this hypothesis beca ...
Difference in neutralization between lactate dehydrogenase
... been demonstrated by others after incubation with monoclonal antibodies (Harty & Plagemann, 1988), may happen also naturally in the course of infection in response to ant±viral immunity. Hence this phenomenon could contribute to some variations that have been reported between LDV isolates in additio ...
... been demonstrated by others after incubation with monoclonal antibodies (Harty & Plagemann, 1988), may happen also naturally in the course of infection in response to ant±viral immunity. Hence this phenomenon could contribute to some variations that have been reported between LDV isolates in additio ...
Virus isolation (CSFV/BDV/BVDV)
... This form should be used by an OIE Reference Laboratory to report activities that took place from January through December of the past year (2012), unless otherwise stated, and must be submitted by the end of January every year. Only those activities that concern the disease (or topic) for which the ...
... This form should be used by an OIE Reference Laboratory to report activities that took place from January through December of the past year (2012), unless otherwise stated, and must be submitted by the end of January every year. Only those activities that concern the disease (or topic) for which the ...
Neonatal Herpes
... • Should you offer a third dose of MMR to persons who have two prior documented doses of MMR? – Consult with the local health department – Currently, data are insufficient to recommend for or against the routine use of a third dose of MMR vaccine – CDC has issued guidance for use of a third dose in ...
... • Should you offer a third dose of MMR to persons who have two prior documented doses of MMR? – Consult with the local health department – Currently, data are insufficient to recommend for or against the routine use of a third dose of MMR vaccine – CDC has issued guidance for use of a third dose in ...
Polio Virus - March of Dimes Canada
... – only partially true – early US epidemics, children under 1 year were more affected than those 1- 4 yrs old ...
... – only partially true – early US epidemics, children under 1 year were more affected than those 1- 4 yrs old ...
Swine influenza
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection.Around the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.In August 2010, the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over.Cases of swine flu have been reported in India, with over 31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths till March 2015.