Human and Animal Viruses in Food
... yield in cell cultures is lower as compared with most other picornaviruses. Consequently, it is difficult to identify the virus in clinical, food, or environmental sources by culture alone. Under normal conditions, the virus requires 3 weeks for in vitro growth. Laboratory-adapted strains such as HM ...
... yield in cell cultures is lower as compared with most other picornaviruses. Consequently, it is difficult to identify the virus in clinical, food, or environmental sources by culture alone. Under normal conditions, the virus requires 3 weeks for in vitro growth. Laboratory-adapted strains such as HM ...
Pre-school immunisations - A guide to vaccinations from 2 to 5 years
... Why does my child need to be immunised at this age? The flu vaccine will protect your child against flu during the winter but will need to be given every year because the viruses that cause flu change very frequently. The pre-school immunisations – often called pre-school boosters – will update or t ...
... Why does my child need to be immunised at this age? The flu vaccine will protect your child against flu during the winter but will need to be given every year because the viruses that cause flu change very frequently. The pre-school immunisations – often called pre-school boosters – will update or t ...
Pre-school immunisations - A guide to vaccinations
... Why does my child need to be immunised at this age? The flu vaccine will protect your child against flu during the winter but will need to be given every year because the viruses that cause flu change very frequently. The pre-school immunisations – often called pre-school boosters – will update or t ...
... Why does my child need to be immunised at this age? The flu vaccine will protect your child against flu during the winter but will need to be given every year because the viruses that cause flu change very frequently. The pre-school immunisations – often called pre-school boosters – will update or t ...
Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections
... species. Once a virus has entered human populations, it can spread from person to person. Some epidemics have affected hundreds of people, particularly when nosocomial spread occurs from inadequate medical supplies or barrier nursing procedures, or when outbreaks are not recognized for long periods. ...
... species. Once a virus has entered human populations, it can spread from person to person. Some epidemics have affected hundreds of people, particularly when nosocomial spread occurs from inadequate medical supplies or barrier nursing procedures, or when outbreaks are not recognized for long periods. ...
Hendra virus disease in horses
... The virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. The virus also naturally infects species of the family Megachiroptera, mainly subclinically, and such animals are the natural host of HeV. The vir ...
... The virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. The virus also naturally infects species of the family Megachiroptera, mainly subclinically, and such animals are the natural host of HeV. The vir ...
Effects of Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccination Strains on the
... related with it triggered the interest in the immunoprophylaxis of the disease in this country. In the present study, levels of post-vaccination antibodies against infectious bursal disease were monitored by the ELISA test in seven experiments with Leghorn chickens free of maternal antibodies. The c ...
... related with it triggered the interest in the immunoprophylaxis of the disease in this country. In the present study, levels of post-vaccination antibodies against infectious bursal disease were monitored by the ELISA test in seven experiments with Leghorn chickens free of maternal antibodies. The c ...
Long-term survival of New Zealand rabbit haemorrhagic disease
... illegally introduced it as a bio-control agent onto New Zealand farms in 1997. The virus was dispersed rapidly, initially causing high fatality rates in rabbits. Nevertheless, many survived and these surviving rabbits have been investigated for evidence of infection by RHDV. Livers from healthy rabb ...
... illegally introduced it as a bio-control agent onto New Zealand farms in 1997. The virus was dispersed rapidly, initially causing high fatality rates in rabbits. Nevertheless, many survived and these surviving rabbits have been investigated for evidence of infection by RHDV. Livers from healthy rabb ...
African horse sickness
... 072/04VIE, Development of an Improved Capability in support of National Biosecurity for the Surveillance and Control of Foot & Mouth Disease in Cattle and Pigs. This project is transferring technology for FMD diagnosis to a network of laboratories in Vietnam, and through field studies enhancing the ...
... 072/04VIE, Development of an Improved Capability in support of National Biosecurity for the Surveillance and Control of Foot & Mouth Disease in Cattle and Pigs. This project is transferring technology for FMD diagnosis to a network of laboratories in Vietnam, and through field studies enhancing the ...
Adult-accination-Turkey-Ageing-HAyderabat-2014
... Conclusion This small, pilot surveillance study has demonstrated that influenza viruses were the major causative respiratory viral pathogen in hospitalized patients with underlying diseases (76 % of all detected viral pathogens). Respiratory viral infections may be fatal in adult patients. One four ...
... Conclusion This small, pilot surveillance study has demonstrated that influenza viruses were the major causative respiratory viral pathogen in hospitalized patients with underlying diseases (76 % of all detected viral pathogens). Respiratory viral infections may be fatal in adult patients. One four ...
The Role of Environmental Transmission in Recurrent Avian
... Avian influenza virus (AIV) persists in North American wild waterfowl, exhibiting major outbreaks every 2–4 years. Attempts to explain the patterns of periodicity and persistence using simple direct transmission models are unsuccessful. Motivated by empirical evidence, we examine the contribution of ...
... Avian influenza virus (AIV) persists in North American wild waterfowl, exhibiting major outbreaks every 2–4 years. Attempts to explain the patterns of periodicity and persistence using simple direct transmission models are unsuccessful. Motivated by empirical evidence, we examine the contribution of ...
Influenza Vaccines – Quality Module - EMA
... Where the preparation of the CVV involves reverse genetics (including the use of synthetically synthesised influenza virus gene sequences), there are quality considerations as a result of genetic modification(s) and derivation in animal cells beyond those for classical reassortants (see 4.1.2.1.1). ...
... Where the preparation of the CVV involves reverse genetics (including the use of synthetically synthesised influenza virus gene sequences), there are quality considerations as a result of genetic modification(s) and derivation in animal cells beyond those for classical reassortants (see 4.1.2.1.1). ...
Dynamics and selection of many-strain pathogens
... more ‘‘different’’ a mutant, the fewer hosts will have crossreactive protection against it. This pressure leads to a gradual replacement of strains, and so the overall picture is that of the dominant strain moving with time. We consider three general questions: How can we model multiple strains with ...
... more ‘‘different’’ a mutant, the fewer hosts will have crossreactive protection against it. This pressure leads to a gradual replacement of strains, and so the overall picture is that of the dominant strain moving with time. We consider three general questions: How can we model multiple strains with ...
Open access
... Pacific Islands. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that since 2007, unreported outbreaks probably occurred in many locations. Because the symptoms of Zika disease are very similar to many other diseases, many cases have probably gone unrecognized.1,2 SIGNIFICANCE ...
... Pacific Islands. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that since 2007, unreported outbreaks probably occurred in many locations. Because the symptoms of Zika disease are very similar to many other diseases, many cases have probably gone unrecognized.1,2 SIGNIFICANCE ...
Respirator Inventory Assessment Tool
... If you have facility-specific data, we recommend using it to project your estimated need. If you do not have facility-specific data, consider that 20% of the facility's patient population will have an influenza-like illness (ILI) from November 1, 2009 through May 31, 2010 based on the following ...
... If you have facility-specific data, we recommend using it to project your estimated need. If you do not have facility-specific data, consider that 20% of the facility's patient population will have an influenza-like illness (ILI) from November 1, 2009 through May 31, 2010 based on the following ...
Public Health Guidelines on the Prevention and Management of
... obtained. Seasonal influenza vaccine can be given until the end of April 3 and this may be extended in the event of an influenza outbreak. . The pneumococcal vaccination status of all residents including new admissions as above should also be routinely recorded. The influenza vaccination status of a ...
... obtained. Seasonal influenza vaccine can be given until the end of April 3 and this may be extended in the event of an influenza outbreak. . The pneumococcal vaccination status of all residents including new admissions as above should also be routinely recorded. The influenza vaccination status of a ...
Parallel evolution of influenza across multiple spatiotemporal scales
... All of the change that happens in flu viruses around the world ultimately begins in individual infections, as random mistakes or mutations in the virus’s genetic material that arise as the viruses replicate. Mutations that help the virus aid in its ability to spread from person to person, and eventu ...
... All of the change that happens in flu viruses around the world ultimately begins in individual infections, as random mistakes or mutations in the virus’s genetic material that arise as the viruses replicate. Mutations that help the virus aid in its ability to spread from person to person, and eventu ...
Public Health Guidelines on the Prevention and Care Facilities in Ireland 2013/2014
... obtained. Seasonal influenza vaccine can be given until the end of April 3 and this may be extended in the event of an influenza outbreak. . The pneumococcal vaccination status of all residents including new admissions as above should also be routinely recorded. The influenza vaccination status of a ...
... obtained. Seasonal influenza vaccine can be given until the end of April 3 and this may be extended in the event of an influenza outbreak. . The pneumococcal vaccination status of all residents including new admissions as above should also be routinely recorded. The influenza vaccination status of a ...
Continuing Evolution of H3, H4, H6 and H9 Influenza A Viruses in
... genes from H9N2 viruses circulating chickens. In contrast, H4 and H6 viruses from ducks seems to have potentials to infect chickens. • Mice: Unlike H9N2 virus, replication of H3, H4, and H6 viruses in mice suggest that the AIV from ducks possess potentials to expand the host range to mammalians. • Q ...
... genes from H9N2 viruses circulating chickens. In contrast, H4 and H6 viruses from ducks seems to have potentials to infect chickens. • Mice: Unlike H9N2 virus, replication of H3, H4, and H6 viruses in mice suggest that the AIV from ducks possess potentials to expand the host range to mammalians. • Q ...
The Global Network for Avian Influenza Surveillance Act (GNAIS
... associated with the deaths of chickens, wild birds, and some mammals - including humans – in Asia, Africa, and Europe. i Avian influenza viruses primarily affect birds, but certain strains of these bird viruses can be infectious to other species including pigs and humans. ii Already, the World Healt ...
... associated with the deaths of chickens, wild birds, and some mammals - including humans – in Asia, Africa, and Europe. i Avian influenza viruses primarily affect birds, but certain strains of these bird viruses can be infectious to other species including pigs and humans. ii Already, the World Healt ...
Zika Medical Information
... http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/protection-against-mosquitoes-ticks-insects-arthropods.aspx ...
... http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-2/protection-against-mosquitoes-ticks-insects-arthropods.aspx ...
Immunity of Mice to Intranasal Infection after Intraperitoneal
... A week after the second intraperitoneal injection ten mice of each group were infected intranasally with 0.05 cc. of full strength culture virus; other groups of ten each received0.05 co. of culture diluted 1 : 10, 1 : 100, 1 : 1,000, and 1 : 10,000, respectively. Thus, mice vaccinated with a given ...
... A week after the second intraperitoneal injection ten mice of each group were infected intranasally with 0.05 cc. of full strength culture virus; other groups of ten each received0.05 co. of culture diluted 1 : 10, 1 : 100, 1 : 1,000, and 1 : 10,000, respectively. Thus, mice vaccinated with a given ...
Mediate Protection Receptors and Alveolar Macrophages Matrix
... Copyright Ó 2011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/11/$16.00 www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.0902147 ...
... Copyright Ó 2011 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/11/$16.00 www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.0902147 ...
Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between
... fitness of different low-pathogenic avian influenza strains strongly depended on the specific assumed link between viral load and transmission potential. In the absence of additional information on transmission and viral shedding, we were unable to make more precise predictions. These are just two e ...
... fitness of different low-pathogenic avian influenza strains strongly depended on the specific assumed link between viral load and transmission potential. In the absence of additional information on transmission and viral shedding, we were unable to make more precise predictions. These are just two e ...
Infection Control - University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
... Title: Reduced health care-associated infections in an acute care community hospital using a combination of self-disinfecting copper-impregnated composite hard surfaces and linens. Author(s): Sifri, Costi D.; Burke, Gene H.; Enfield, Kyle B. Source: American Journal of Infection Control; Dec 2016; v ...
... Title: Reduced health care-associated infections in an acute care community hospital using a combination of self-disinfecting copper-impregnated composite hard surfaces and linens. Author(s): Sifri, Costi D.; Burke, Gene H.; Enfield, Kyle B. Source: American Journal of Infection Control; Dec 2016; v ...
Pandemic
... – Advocacy for high level support is needed. The Ministry of Health should take the technical lead on this effort. – Communication strategies for community involvement in pandemic preparedness should be developed by each Member State. ...
... – Advocacy for high level support is needed. The Ministry of Health should take the technical lead on this effort. – Communication strategies for community involvement in pandemic preparedness should be developed by each Member State. ...
Swine influenza
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection.Around the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.In August 2010, the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over.Cases of swine flu have been reported in India, with over 31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths till March 2015.