alert, enhanced surveillance and management of avian influenza in
... Australia, England and Pakistan with H7; and South Africa, Scotland, Ireland, Mexico and the United States with H5. In 1961, a strain designated H5N1 was discovered in some birds from South Africa but it was harmless to human (Love, 1998). Avian influenza does not normally infect species other than ...
... Australia, England and Pakistan with H7; and South Africa, Scotland, Ireland, Mexico and the United States with H5. In 1961, a strain designated H5N1 was discovered in some birds from South Africa but it was harmless to human (Love, 1998). Avian influenza does not normally infect species other than ...
Humans Meet Ebola Virus in Africa, 1976
... of abundant virus particles in alveoli [17, 50]. However, this is far from saying that Ebola viruses are transmitted in the clinical setting by small-particle aerosols generated from an index patient [64]. Indeed patients without any direct exposure to a known EHF case were carefully sought but unco ...
... of abundant virus particles in alveoli [17, 50]. However, this is far from saying that Ebola viruses are transmitted in the clinical setting by small-particle aerosols generated from an index patient [64]. Indeed patients without any direct exposure to a known EHF case were carefully sought but unco ...
WHO guidelines for investigation of human cases of avian influenza
... − Household and other contacts in work, school, and community settings who had close3 unprotected (i.e., not wearing PPE) contact in the 1 day before4 through 14 days5 after the case patient’s symptom onset − Contacts in traditional and non-traditional in- and out-patient health-care settings before ...
... − Household and other contacts in work, school, and community settings who had close3 unprotected (i.e., not wearing PPE) contact in the 1 day before4 through 14 days5 after the case patient’s symptom onset − Contacts in traditional and non-traditional in- and out-patient health-care settings before ...
WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.1 Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines
... During the inter-pandemic period, WHO co-ordinates a program of international surveillance for influenza in humans, with the assistance of four WHO Collaborating Centres (CCs). The Centres are based in Atlanta, USA; London, UK; Melbourne, Australia; and Tokyo, Japan. These Centres maintain repositor ...
... During the inter-pandemic period, WHO co-ordinates a program of international surveillance for influenza in humans, with the assistance of four WHO Collaborating Centres (CCs). The Centres are based in Atlanta, USA; London, UK; Melbourne, Australia; and Tokyo, Japan. These Centres maintain repositor ...
Differentiation of Rubella Virus Strains by Neutralization Kinetics
... higher than the homologous value. For HPV-77 virus, only two antisera, that is Dunning and Thomas gave normalized K values less than IOO.With the other strains of virus, RAz7/3, Cendehill, Dunning and Thomas, heterologous antisera often gave normalized K values which were much less than Ion. In one ...
... higher than the homologous value. For HPV-77 virus, only two antisera, that is Dunning and Thomas gave normalized K values less than IOO.With the other strains of virus, RAz7/3, Cendehill, Dunning and Thomas, heterologous antisera often gave normalized K values which were much less than Ion. In one ...
Phase 0, Level 3: Pandemic Alert
... flu virus emerges to which few people, if any, have immunity. Any vaccine or therapeutic drugs are likely to be delayed and in short supply. Because of these features, pandemic flu is likely to last several months and affect a large percentage of the national and world population, causing major soci ...
... flu virus emerges to which few people, if any, have immunity. Any vaccine or therapeutic drugs are likely to be delayed and in short supply. Because of these features, pandemic flu is likely to last several months and affect a large percentage of the national and world population, causing major soci ...
Training Bulletin
... caused by the influenza virus. There are three types of influenza viruses, Influenza A, B and C.6 Influenza types A and B viruses cause epidemics of the disease almost every winter. Influenza type C infections cause a much milder respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. Influenza ...
... caused by the influenza virus. There are three types of influenza viruses, Influenza A, B and C.6 Influenza types A and B viruses cause epidemics of the disease almost every winter. Influenza type C infections cause a much milder respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. Influenza ...
Australian Influenza Surveillance Report No.03, 2013
... Nationally, whilst influenza A remains the predominant influenza virus type (57%), the proportion of influenza B notifications continues to increase. During the 2012 season there were very few notifications of influenza A(H1N1) pdm09. So far in 2013 whilst the majority of influenza A reports are u ...
... Nationally, whilst influenza A remains the predominant influenza virus type (57%), the proportion of influenza B notifications continues to increase. During the 2012 season there were very few notifications of influenza A(H1N1) pdm09. So far in 2013 whilst the majority of influenza A reports are u ...
The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance
... Please cite this paper as: Puig-Barbera et al. (2015) The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN): a new platform to describe the epidemiology of severe influenza. Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses 9(6), 277–286. ...
... Please cite this paper as: Puig-Barbera et al. (2015) The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN): a new platform to describe the epidemiology of severe influenza. Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses 9(6), 277–286. ...
Pathology of Henipavirus infection in humans and
... The first known human NiV outbreak was from 1998-1999 in pig farms in Malaysia in which it was estimated a total of 350 were infected.6 In a series of 265 cases of acute NiV encephalitis in Malaysia there were 105 fatalities (40% mortality).7 The outbreak spread to Singapore where 11 abattoir worker ...
... The first known human NiV outbreak was from 1998-1999 in pig farms in Malaysia in which it was estimated a total of 350 were infected.6 In a series of 265 cases of acute NiV encephalitis in Malaysia there were 105 fatalities (40% mortality).7 The outbreak spread to Singapore where 11 abattoir worker ...
Protection and immune response in pigs intradermally vaccinated
... The purpose of this study was to assess the immune response in pigs intradermally vaccinated with a commercially available attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) vaccine (Porcilis® PRRS) and subsequently exposed to a heterologous (Italian cluster) field strain of virulent PRRS ...
... The purpose of this study was to assess the immune response in pigs intradermally vaccinated with a commercially available attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) vaccine (Porcilis® PRRS) and subsequently exposed to a heterologous (Italian cluster) field strain of virulent PRRS ...
Australian Influenza - Department of Health
... with fair attendance and contact with swine. The virus detected is the same as the variant viruses detected during the 2012 multi-state outbreak, which was also associated with swine exposure at agricultural fairs. The WHO has reported on additional retrospectively detected laboratory-confirmed ca ...
... with fair attendance and contact with swine. The virus detected is the same as the variant viruses detected during the 2012 multi-state outbreak, which was also associated with swine exposure at agricultural fairs. The WHO has reported on additional retrospectively detected laboratory-confirmed ca ...
Avian Gyrovirus 2 and Avirulent Newcastle Disease Virus Coinfection in... Flock with Neurologic Symptoms and High Mortalities
... Positive (Ct 5 31.96) Positive (Ct 5 36.08) Not tested ...
... Positive (Ct 5 31.96) Positive (Ct 5 36.08) Not tested ...
Summit County Public Health
... Anyone can become infected with these viruses. There are many different strains of norovirus, which makes it difficult for a person’s body to develop long lasting immunity. Therefore, norovirus illness can recur throughout a person’s lifetime. In addition, because of differences in genetic factors, ...
... Anyone can become infected with these viruses. There are many different strains of norovirus, which makes it difficult for a person’s body to develop long lasting immunity. Therefore, norovirus illness can recur throughout a person’s lifetime. In addition, because of differences in genetic factors, ...
Vol. 15 | Weekly issue 24 | 17 June 2010
... derived from this Salmonella-positive melee was subject to a national voluntary withdrawal and recall by the manufacturer on 27 May 2010, with a press release and posters in chain A supermarkets. A small proportion of the batch had been exported to Belgium, and the Belgian authorities were duly info ...
... derived from this Salmonella-positive melee was subject to a national voluntary withdrawal and recall by the manufacturer on 27 May 2010, with a press release and posters in chain A supermarkets. A small proportion of the batch had been exported to Belgium, and the Belgian authorities were duly info ...
Colds and flu - Pharmaceutical Society of Australia
... where the virus was first isolated, number of isolates, year of isolation and major type of important proteins e.g. Influenza B/Hong Kong/330/2001. ...
... where the virus was first isolated, number of isolates, year of isolation and major type of important proteins e.g. Influenza B/Hong Kong/330/2001. ...
Juveniles and migrants as drivers for seasonal epizootics of avian
... 1. Similar to other infectious diseases, the prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) has been seen to exhibit marked seasonal variation. However, mechanisms driving this variation in wild birds have yet to be tested. We investigated the validity of three previously suggested dri ...
... 1. Similar to other infectious diseases, the prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) has been seen to exhibit marked seasonal variation. However, mechanisms driving this variation in wild birds have yet to be tested. We investigated the validity of three previously suggested dri ...
09-03-2015-RRA-Influenza A (H5N1)-Egypt - ECDC
... zoonotic transmission of A(H5N1), limited clusters of human cases have been observed in affected countries worldwide with no sustained human-to-human transmission. Zoonotic transmission to humans from infected birds occurs either directly or through environmental contamination. Hence, almost all hum ...
... zoonotic transmission of A(H5N1), limited clusters of human cases have been observed in affected countries worldwide with no sustained human-to-human transmission. Zoonotic transmission to humans from infected birds occurs either directly or through environmental contamination. Hence, almost all hum ...
THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE
... of cytopathic eIfect (CPE). Further passages were also made in calf kidney cell cultures. Cell cultures. - Primary monolayer calf kidney cell cultures were prepared by trypsinization of Dulbecco and Vogt as modified by Youngner (12). Cells were grown in a ELY medium containing 10 percent inactivated ...
... of cytopathic eIfect (CPE). Further passages were also made in calf kidney cell cultures. Cell cultures. - Primary monolayer calf kidney cell cultures were prepared by trypsinization of Dulbecco and Vogt as modified by Youngner (12). Cells were grown in a ELY medium containing 10 percent inactivated ...
Zika Virus in the Americas — Yet Another Arbovirus Threat
... have not yet been developed. Moreover, because Zika is closely related to dengue, serologic samples may cross-react in tests for either virus. Gene-detection tests such as the polymerase-chain-reaction assay can reliably distinguish the three viruses, but Zika-specific tests are not yet widely avail ...
... have not yet been developed. Moreover, because Zika is closely related to dengue, serologic samples may cross-react in tests for either virus. Gene-detection tests such as the polymerase-chain-reaction assay can reliably distinguish the three viruses, but Zika-specific tests are not yet widely avail ...
Mini-Review Avian Influenza H5N1 in Egypt: What we Know and
... birds and tracing back the infections are very difficult (El Nagar and Ibrahim, 2007). The infection may be perpetuated in the LBMs or introduced with each new batch of poultry. Although transport of poultry without prior laboratory testing to confirm an AIV H5N1-free status is officially prohibited ...
... birds and tracing back the infections are very difficult (El Nagar and Ibrahim, 2007). The infection may be perpetuated in the LBMs or introduced with each new batch of poultry. Although transport of poultry without prior laboratory testing to confirm an AIV H5N1-free status is officially prohibited ...
Guidance on Pandemic Influenza Planning for MN Local Public
... are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change in the structure caused by a mutation (antigenic drift) results in the emergence of a new strain ...
... are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change in the structure caused by a mutation (antigenic drift) results in the emergence of a new strain ...
Guidance on Pandemic Influenza Planning for MN Local Public
... are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change in the structure caused by a mutation (antigenic drift) results in the emergence of a new strain ...
... are composed of two major antigenic structures essential to vaccines and immunity: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). The structure of these two components defines the virus subtype. A minor change in the structure caused by a mutation (antigenic drift) results in the emergence of a new strain ...
Swine influenza
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection.Around the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.In August 2010, the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over.Cases of swine flu have been reported in India, with over 31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths till March 2015.