Virus survival in the environment
... Orthomyxoviruses, influenza A and B (10 - and 1 0 infectious doses/0.1 ml, respectively) were spread over stainless steel, plastic and absorbent material surfaces (30 to 50 m m ) (4). These objects were subsequently sampled by rubbing with sterile swabs or " c l e a n " fingers. Both influenza A and ...
... Orthomyxoviruses, influenza A and B (10 - and 1 0 infectious doses/0.1 ml, respectively) were spread over stainless steel, plastic and absorbent material surfaces (30 to 50 m m ) (4). These objects were subsequently sampled by rubbing with sterile swabs or " c l e a n " fingers. Both influenza A and ...
Potential ecological and epidemiological factors
... 2000). Up to 60% of all CSF outbreaks in domestic pigs in Germany can be attributed to infected wild boar and wild boar meat (Fritzemeier et al., 2000). But reinfection via domestic pigs, or via swill-feeding to wild boar, is also reported (Artois et al., 2002; Paton & GreiserWilke, 2003). In areas ...
... 2000). Up to 60% of all CSF outbreaks in domestic pigs in Germany can be attributed to infected wild boar and wild boar meat (Fritzemeier et al., 2000). But reinfection via domestic pigs, or via swill-feeding to wild boar, is also reported (Artois et al., 2002; Paton & GreiserWilke, 2003). In areas ...
Health Status of a Recently Discovered Population of Feral Swine in
... (Trichuris suis). Seven hogs were collected in November and December 1993, and all had a marked infestation of lice (Haematopinus suis). Nine were collected during January and February 1994, and none had noticeable lice. Representative specimens were placed in the National Parasite Collection (Unite ...
... (Trichuris suis). Seven hogs were collected in November and December 1993, and all had a marked infestation of lice (Haematopinus suis). Nine were collected during January and February 1994, and none had noticeable lice. Representative specimens were placed in the National Parasite Collection (Unite ...
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
... been renamed Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Its genome is similar to that of caliciviruses: however, the order of genes in HEV is not identical, and therefore HEV may be placed into a separate family or genus. The genomes of several HEV strains from Asia and Mexico have been entirely sequenced, and partia ...
... been renamed Hepatitis E virus (HEV). Its genome is similar to that of caliciviruses: however, the order of genes in HEV is not identical, and therefore HEV may be placed into a separate family or genus. The genomes of several HEV strains from Asia and Mexico have been entirely sequenced, and partia ...
VIRUSES
... Viruses that must always be associated with certain typical viruses (helpers) because they depend on the helper for multiplication and plant infections. They often reduce the ability of the helper virus to multiply and cause disease, so the satellite viruses act as parasites. Satellite RNAs - small ...
... Viruses that must always be associated with certain typical viruses (helpers) because they depend on the helper for multiplication and plant infections. They often reduce the ability of the helper virus to multiply and cause disease, so the satellite viruses act as parasites. Satellite RNAs - small ...
avian influenza shedding patterns in waterfowl
... without exhibiting clinical disease (Tumpey et al., 2002; Keawcharoen et al., 2008), suggesting they could serve as longdistance carriers. However, HPAI viruses have been identified in migrating live birds only rarely (Chen et al., 2006; Gaidet et al., 2008). Despite the recognized importance of fec ...
... without exhibiting clinical disease (Tumpey et al., 2002; Keawcharoen et al., 2008), suggesting they could serve as longdistance carriers. However, HPAI viruses have been identified in migrating live birds only rarely (Chen et al., 2006; Gaidet et al., 2008). Despite the recognized importance of fec ...
OIE Terrestrial Manual
... influenzavirus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have be ...
... influenzavirus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have be ...
Filamentous influenza viruses
... Vijayakrishnan et al., 2013; Wasilewski et al., 2012). In such cases, the viral genome appears to remain associated with one pole of the virion (Calder et al., 2010; Vijayakrishnan et al., 2013; Wasilewski et al., 2012) – the distal tip when virions bud from the cell membrane (Fig. 3a; Noda et al., ...
... Vijayakrishnan et al., 2013; Wasilewski et al., 2012). In such cases, the viral genome appears to remain associated with one pole of the virion (Calder et al., 2010; Vijayakrishnan et al., 2013; Wasilewski et al., 2012) – the distal tip when virions bud from the cell membrane (Fig. 3a; Noda et al., ...
Emerging Viral Diseases - SciTech Connect
... viruses have evolved to optimize their ability to be perpetuated within one or a few host species, and this creates what is sometimes called the “species barrier.” In most instances, a virus must undergo some adaptive mutations to become established in a new species. SARS coronavirus. In November, 2 ...
... viruses have evolved to optimize their ability to be perpetuated within one or a few host species, and this creates what is sometimes called the “species barrier.” In most instances, a virus must undergo some adaptive mutations to become established in a new species. SARS coronavirus. In November, 2 ...
Japanese encephalitis
... cerebrospinal fluid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods (Burke et al., 1982). Viral nucleic acid has been detected in the brain of infected horses by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) (Lian et al., 2002; Lam et al., 2005). In horses, the specimens collected for ...
... cerebrospinal fluid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods (Burke et al., 1982). Viral nucleic acid has been detected in the brain of infected horses by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) (Lian et al., 2002; Lam et al., 2005). In horses, the specimens collected for ...
Persistent influenza C virus possesses distinct functional properties
... 20-fold. Moreover, persistent virus also had a significant advantage over wild-type when the haemagglutination test was performed with erythrocytes containing 9-0acetylated sialic acid in an ~2,3 linkage (Fig. 1 a). These results indicate that C/AA-pi has an increased affinity for Neu5,9Ac2 compared ...
... 20-fold. Moreover, persistent virus also had a significant advantage over wild-type when the haemagglutination test was performed with erythrocytes containing 9-0acetylated sialic acid in an ~2,3 linkage (Fig. 1 a). These results indicate that C/AA-pi has an increased affinity for Neu5,9Ac2 compared ...
References
... it does appear to be required for the production of infectious virions (Chen et al., 2007). This ...
... it does appear to be required for the production of infectious virions (Chen et al., 2007). This ...
Isolation of avian influenza H5N1 virus from vaccinated commercial
... Findings: In the present investigation, an HPAIV H5N1 was isolated from twenty weeks old layers chickens that were vaccinated with a homologous H5N1 vaccine at 1, 7 and 16 weeks old. At twenty weeks of age, birds showed cyanosis of comb and wattle, decrease in egg production and up to 27% mortality. ...
... Findings: In the present investigation, an HPAIV H5N1 was isolated from twenty weeks old layers chickens that were vaccinated with a homologous H5N1 vaccine at 1, 7 and 16 weeks old. At twenty weeks of age, birds showed cyanosis of comb and wattle, decrease in egg production and up to 27% mortality. ...
key points in fine tuning the use of a specific vaccine against
... us to discriminate between the very virulent and classic virulent strains of IBD (cvIBD), as shown in Figure 1. Subsequently, the sequencing of the PCR products allows further characterisation of the virus. In the example in Figure 1, restriction enzyme BspMI cuts vvIBD virus (lane 3), while it does ...
... us to discriminate between the very virulent and classic virulent strains of IBD (cvIBD), as shown in Figure 1. Subsequently, the sequencing of the PCR products allows further characterisation of the virus. In the example in Figure 1, restriction enzyme BspMI cuts vvIBD virus (lane 3), while it does ...
Lesson Virology. Morphology and structure of viruses. Methods of
... 8. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Each of the following statements concerning this fact is correct EXCEPT: (A)*Viruses must degrade host cell DNA in order to obtain nucleotides (B) Viruses cannot generate energy outside of cells (C) Viruses cannot synthesize proteins outside of cells ...
... 8. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Each of the following statements concerning this fact is correct EXCEPT: (A)*Viruses must degrade host cell DNA in order to obtain nucleotides (B) Viruses cannot generate energy outside of cells (C) Viruses cannot synthesize proteins outside of cells ...
The Circular, Segmented Nucleocaspid of an Arenavirus
... coiled, circular filaments. They had a mean diam. of 5 to IO nm and two predominant length classes of 640 nm and 13oo nm were found. All viruses currently classified as members of the Arenaviridae have been shown to be morphologically identical (Rowe et al. I97O; Pfau et aL 1974; Murphy, 1975). They ...
... coiled, circular filaments. They had a mean diam. of 5 to IO nm and two predominant length classes of 640 nm and 13oo nm were found. All viruses currently classified as members of the Arenaviridae have been shown to be morphologically identical (Rowe et al. I97O; Pfau et aL 1974; Murphy, 1975). They ...
Hajj 2009: a mass gathering in the context of pandemic A
... gathering will take place as A(H1N1)2009 influenza virus circulation is already intense in many countries. For those countries already quite affected by the pandemic, Hajj will probably have limited impact. On the other hand, in countries so far less affected, and with large numbers of residents att ...
... gathering will take place as A(H1N1)2009 influenza virus circulation is already intense in many countries. For those countries already quite affected by the pandemic, Hajj will probably have limited impact. On the other hand, in countries so far less affected, and with large numbers of residents att ...
influenza surveillance in russia based on epidemiological and
... period from October to May. This period is extended to include the period from June to September in the case of the emergence of a new pandemic virus. In addition, the sentinel surveillance system for Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) among hospitalized patients and ILI/ARI among outpatients ...
... period from October to May. This period is extended to include the period from June to September in the case of the emergence of a new pandemic virus. In addition, the sentinel surveillance system for Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) among hospitalized patients and ILI/ARI among outpatients ...
Flu Home Care Guide
... Because germs are invisible to the human eye, it is important to wash your hands often even if they don’t look dirty. Always wash before and after cooking, serving food, eating, changing diapers, and treating a cut or wound. Wash after using the bathroom, coughing, sneezing or blowing your nose, han ...
... Because germs are invisible to the human eye, it is important to wash your hands often even if they don’t look dirty. Always wash before and after cooking, serving food, eating, changing diapers, and treating a cut or wound. Wash after using the bathroom, coughing, sneezing or blowing your nose, han ...
Herpes, Shingles and Arginine
... fight this is to take extra Lysine. Studies have shown that 500 mg to 1,000 mg of lysine three times daily can help shorten the length of a herpes outbreak. Since herpes is quite common (almost 1 out of 5 people over the age of 12—and 90% of them don’t know they have it), you might expect this to be ...
... fight this is to take extra Lysine. Studies have shown that 500 mg to 1,000 mg of lysine three times daily can help shorten the length of a herpes outbreak. Since herpes is quite common (almost 1 out of 5 people over the age of 12—and 90% of them don’t know they have it), you might expect this to be ...
Avian Influenza Brief - Texas A&M College of Veterinary
... new terms to describe relative pathogenicity of different isolates of the same serotype (nonpathogenic, low-pathogenic, highly pathogenic). ...
... new terms to describe relative pathogenicity of different isolates of the same serotype (nonpathogenic, low-pathogenic, highly pathogenic). ...
PDF version: RGF Test Booklet
... The H1N1 flu virus, or swine flu, caused a worldwide pandemic in 20092010. It is now considered a seasonal flu, which continues to circulate seasonally worldwide. Spread of the H1N1 virus occurs in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through co ...
... The H1N1 flu virus, or swine flu, caused a worldwide pandemic in 20092010. It is now considered a seasonal flu, which continues to circulate seasonally worldwide. Spread of the H1N1 virus occurs in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through co ...
CONSISE Household Transmission Protocol September 2013
... denominator is well-defined, exposure is similar and follow-up of household contacts is feasible. It is also important to monitor transmission in households where up to 30% of influenza virus transmission is believed to occur to understand the clinical spectrum of infection 1,2. Household transmissi ...
... denominator is well-defined, exposure is similar and follow-up of household contacts is feasible. It is also important to monitor transmission in households where up to 30% of influenza virus transmission is believed to occur to understand the clinical spectrum of infection 1,2. Household transmissi ...
Influenza burden of illness, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
... in the UK. These recommendations include persons aged 65 years and over, persons with chronic conditions of the lungs, heart, or kidneys, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, and anyone living in long term residential accommodation. Children with high risk conditions are included,7 62 but ...
... in the UK. These recommendations include persons aged 65 years and over, persons with chronic conditions of the lungs, heart, or kidneys, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, and anyone living in long term residential accommodation. Children with high risk conditions are included,7 62 but ...
1 - NEVDGP
... The triage policy directs staff actions when a patient identifies influenza-like illness symptoms with recent travel overseas and close contact with sick birds Staff understand the role of hand hygiene, social distancing methods and cough etiquette Staff understand the rationale for requesting a pat ...
... The triage policy directs staff actions when a patient identifies influenza-like illness symptoms with recent travel overseas and close contact with sick birds Staff understand the role of hand hygiene, social distancing methods and cough etiquette Staff understand the rationale for requesting a pat ...
Swine influenza
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection.Around the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.In August 2010, the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over.Cases of swine flu have been reported in India, with over 31,156 positive test cases and 1,841 deaths till March 2015.