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Ocean Extremes - A unified marine science community
Ocean Extremes - A unified marine science community

... studies  of  coastal  evolution  and  paleoclimate  wind-­‐field  reconstructions  are  also   relevant  since  they  can  highlight  the  much  larger  variability  in  wave  climate  change  and   range  of  coastal  responses  over  longer ...
PDF
PDF

... 1990; Rind et al., 1990; Adams, 1989). General equilibrium analysis has been used in a number of single region studies (Goulder, 1993; Brinner et al. 1992; Jorgenson and Wilcoxen, 1991) as well as for the global economy (Burniaux et al. 1991, Darwin, et al., 1995; Tsigas, et al., 1997; Rutherford, ...
The Resurrection Initiative: Storing Ancestral Genotypes to Capture
The Resurrection Initiative: Storing Ancestral Genotypes to Capture

... a finding that the authors interpreted as consistent with lifegrew plants from seeds of graminoids drawn from soil cores history theory predicting evolution of early flowering as an at different depths in arctic tundra; seeds from deeper strata adaptation to seasonal drought conditions. represent ol ...
Cultural Circuits of Climate Change in U.K. Broadsheet Newspapers
Cultural Circuits of Climate Change in U.K. Broadsheet Newspapers

... Newspaper production and consumption in the United Kingdom are polarized: at the national level, there are a small number of what were known until recently as “broadsheet” or “quality” newspapers characterized by extensive political and economic comment, which have relatively small but welleducated ...
ENSEMBLES Project Plan WP 6
ENSEMBLES Project Plan WP 6

...  Integration of seasonal-to-decadal application models within a probabilistic ESM based on DEMETER hindcasts The main difference between WP6.2 and WP6.3 is the time-scale; WP 6.2 looks at long-term climate change whereas WP 6.3 looks at seasonal-to-decadal time-scales. Key issues arose during meeti ...
Water and Climate Change Adaptation
Water and Climate Change Adaptation

... Unfortunately however, data for assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources is not consistently available, leading to a great deal of variation in assessments of their nature and severity. In some regions (as across much of Africa and Asia 6), data is inadequate or simply doesn’t exis ...
Global warming and changes in drought
Global warming and changes in drought

... emerge  not  the  least  of  which  is  how  precipitation  has  changed  and  is  analyzed.  As  well  as  an   improvement  in  precipitation  data  available,  accurate  attribution  of  drought  causes  requires   accounting  for  nat ...
Climatic classification and future global
Climatic classification and future global

... (Prentice & Solomon 1990):dynamic models which abstract mechanistic processes and projections of future climate to predict changing temporal distributions of vegetation, and static models which use coincidence of geographic distributions of climate and vegetation with future climate projections to p ...
Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol

... Policies Against Global Warming International response needed ...
Presentacion Tim Groser Nueva Zelanda.pdf
Presentacion Tim Groser Nueva Zelanda.pdf

... need a comprehensive agreement to replace Kyoto. Another set of commitments under the Kyoto Protocol can, according to this middle of the road view, be part of the deal, but it cannot possibly be the whole deal. You cannot seriously argue that a deal that leaves out 84% of global emissions – a numbe ...
Exxon Mobil and British Petroleum: A tale of two companies or just
Exxon Mobil and British Petroleum: A tale of two companies or just

... such as temperatures and weather patterns, taking place over decadal or longer time scales. Though the Earth has undergone many changes in its dominant climate, the warming that we are experiencing today appears to be unprecedented in both its magnitude and rate. Evidence strongly suggests that toda ...
WebText- GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH
WebText- GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH

... dynamic of Earth's subsystems because it has so little mass. To understand climate and weather, it helps to understand the atmosphere and its association with: solar energy, Earth's rotation, and gravity. Abundant evidence, some of it from Utah, indicates that changes of global temperatures of a few ...
Annual Average Temperature Rise: Global Average
Annual Average Temperature Rise: Global Average

... Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pgs. 243 and 248. http://goo.gl/ZDMF1W In table 3.2 on pg. 243 (see the rows marked “Land: Globe”) and table 3.3 on pg. 248 (see the rows marked “Globe”), you can compare the columns marked “ ...
Himalaya climate change
Himalaya climate change

... The answer depends on the assumed no-policy baseline scenario (35 possibilities in the SRES scenario set) – and on the chosen concentration stabilization level (also a wide range of possibilities). This implies a wide uncertainty range. ...
Climate Change or Land Use Dynamics: Do We Know Miguel Clavero *
Climate Change or Land Use Dynamics: Do We Know Miguel Clavero *

... latitude of the distribution of bird species present at local communities. We used multiple regression models to relate the variation in climate change indicators to: i) environmental temperature; and ii) three landscape gradients reflecting important current land use change processes (land abandonm ...
Hazards - Alberta Emergency Management Agency
Hazards - Alberta Emergency Management Agency

... Calgary: July, 1998 Outaouais: July, 1996 Calgary: July, 1996 Calgary: July, 1996 Winnipeg: July, 1996 Calgary: July, 1995 Southern Alberta: July, 1995 Edmonton: July, 1995 Southern Manitoba: Aug., 1994 Southern Alberta: June, 1993 Alberta: July, 1993 Alberta: Sept., 1992 Alberta: Aug., 1992 Calgary ...
Effects of climate change on life history
Effects of climate change on life history

... (McKinney 1997). However, in the past 8000 yr, extinction rates have risen exponentially and not a single case of extinction can be attributed to a non-human induced cause (Caughley 1994). ...
How is Circulation in Puget Sound Projected to Change?
How is Circulation in Puget Sound Projected to Change?

... Warm  phases  of  both  ENSO  (El  Niño)  and  the  Pacific  Decadal  Oscillatin  (PDO)  are   correlated  with  a  delay  and  shortening  of  summer  upwelling  along  the  Pacific   Northwest  coast.  El  Niño  conditions  are  also ...
Met112lecture15
Met112lecture15

... WGI contribution to IPCC Third Assessment Report ...
Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth`s climate system
Heat capacity, time constant, and sensitivity of Earth`s climate system

... [2] Changes in Earth’s radiation budget due to human influences are of major current concern [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007]. Of principal concern is the change in climate due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide because of the long lifetime of excess CO2 in the atm ...
Climate Change in Hamilton City, New Zealand - UN
Climate Change in Hamilton City, New Zealand - UN

... in summer months in particular is expected to increase, heating demand during the winter is very likely to decrease. Even in the summer when electricity demand is high, modeling results show that it is unlikely to exceed supply capacity22. Moreover, local temperature predictions under all IPCC scena ...
hhidalgo_4th_symp
hhidalgo_4th_symp

... process of identifying if an observed change is significantly different from what would be expected from natural internal climate variability (Hegerl et al. 2006). Attribution of anthropogenic climate change is the process of identifying if the observed change is: a) consistent with the type of chan ...
asean climate change initiative
asean climate change initiative

...  Local impact has been felt in many places including Southeast Asia  All countries need to take action according to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective capability” ...
Costs of Climate Change in Developed Countries
Costs of Climate Change in Developed Countries

... Notes: The strong carbon fertilisation runs assumed a 15 – 25% increase in yield for a doubling of carbon dioxide levels. These are about twice as high as the latest field-based studies suggest. The red line represents the average across different scenario runs developed by the IPCC, while the blue ...
North and Central Europe
North and Central Europe

... Accelerated coastal erosion, saline intrusion into freshwater lens and increase flooding from the sea cause large effects on human settlements. Increases in sea level may shift water table close to or above the surface resulting in increased evapotranspiration, thus diminishing the resource. ...
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Attribution of recent climate change



Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).
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