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... Can express in terms of remaining “carbon space” as a stock but story is similar. ...
... Can express in terms of remaining “carbon space” as a stock but story is similar. ...
Climate Change Position Statement and 2020 Action Plan
... We recognise that transactions in this sector need to consider a range of environmental impacts, incl ...
... We recognise that transactions in this sector need to consider a range of environmental impacts, incl ...
Greenhouse gases, climate change and the transition from coal to...
... varies with local conditions. To provide a stable supply of electricity, a new power plant must be built as each old power plant nears the end of its useful life. As shown in figures 1(C) and (D), fossil-fueled plants produce a comparatively smooth increase in atmospheric GHG concentrations because ...
... varies with local conditions. To provide a stable supply of electricity, a new power plant must be built as each old power plant nears the end of its useful life. As shown in figures 1(C) and (D), fossil-fueled plants produce a comparatively smooth increase in atmospheric GHG concentrations because ...
PPT, 1.25 Mb - PreventionWeb
... Coord.: Ministry of Justice and the Police Relevant ministries: Health and Care, Agriculture and Food, Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Petroleum and ...
... Coord.: Ministry of Justice and the Police Relevant ministries: Health and Care, Agriculture and Food, Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, Petroleum and ...
- Wiley Online Library
... of climate associated with anthropogenic aerosols would have to have been modest (less negative than −1 W m−2 ), and/or a historical “pattern effect” would have to be less important than indicated by models; (ii) tropical sea-surface temperatures during the last glacial maximum (LGM, 21 kya) would ne ...
... of climate associated with anthropogenic aerosols would have to have been modest (less negative than −1 W m−2 ), and/or a historical “pattern effect” would have to be less important than indicated by models; (ii) tropical sea-surface temperatures during the last glacial maximum (LGM, 21 kya) would ne ...
Appetite for Change - Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute
... climate, high temperatures in summer but much lower temperatures in winter, low rainfall and high evaporation. It has a highly variable climate with some very wet years leading to large-scale flooding, such as in 2010-11 and 1974-75. Temperatures in the region have increased significantly over th ...
... climate, high temperatures in summer but much lower temperatures in winter, low rainfall and high evaporation. It has a highly variable climate with some very wet years leading to large-scale flooding, such as in 2010-11 and 1974-75. Temperatures in the region have increased significantly over th ...
R eports
... We fit maximum entropy (MaxEnt) correlative species distribution models (SDMs) for each species with standard settings for the maxent function from the dismo package in R (Hijmans et al. 2011). Three sets of MaxEnt models were developed based on current and future (2080) environmental variables most ...
... We fit maximum entropy (MaxEnt) correlative species distribution models (SDMs) for each species with standard settings for the maxent function from the dismo package in R (Hijmans et al. 2011). Three sets of MaxEnt models were developed based on current and future (2080) environmental variables most ...
Combinations of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings in Twentieth
... they are all included together, there is a close correspondence as shown in Fig. 2c. This suggests that, for globally averaged temperature, additivity holds and responses from individual forcings can be combined linearly. The good correspondence between the model simulations and the observations sho ...
... they are all included together, there is a close correspondence as shown in Fig. 2c. This suggests that, for globally averaged temperature, additivity holds and responses from individual forcings can be combined linearly. The good correspondence between the model simulations and the observations sho ...
Coping with the uncertainties in the climate change adaptation of
... outputs from the GCMs participated in IPCC AR4. The parameter uncertainty estimated from different GCMs under selected scenarios was integrated into the expected predictive probability of flooding, which was used in the riskaversion economic optimization. Different optimal results were obtained base ...
... outputs from the GCMs participated in IPCC AR4. The parameter uncertainty estimated from different GCMs under selected scenarios was integrated into the expected predictive probability of flooding, which was used in the riskaversion economic optimization. Different optimal results were obtained base ...
ELPIS-JP: a dataset of local-scale daily climate change scenarios for
... to achieve better representation of extreme events and effects of topography, land use, coastlines and their interactions on regional climate than GCMs [4]. Nonetheless, RCM daily outputs could have a certain bias (e.g. drizzle) and are not directly used as climate inputs for process-based impact mo ...
... to achieve better representation of extreme events and effects of topography, land use, coastlines and their interactions on regional climate than GCMs [4]. Nonetheless, RCM daily outputs could have a certain bias (e.g. drizzle) and are not directly used as climate inputs for process-based impact mo ...
RobockEthicsOslo - Alan Robock
... implement geoengineering, and if so how much? Whose hand would be on the planetary thermostat? The principle of informed consent governs medical interventions. How could we get the informed consent of the entire planet? If geoengineering were ever implemented, every climate extreme would be blamed o ...
... implement geoengineering, and if so how much? Whose hand would be on the planetary thermostat? The principle of informed consent governs medical interventions. How could we get the informed consent of the entire planet? If geoengineering were ever implemented, every climate extreme would be blamed o ...
The 2°C target - Climate Emergency Institute
... to occur, or to which the world would be committed as the global mean temperature approaches 2oC above pre-industrial temperatures, as well as those that are expected to occur if the global temperature increases beyond this level. The EU’s global temperature target of 2°C above pre-industrial was fi ...
... to occur, or to which the world would be committed as the global mean temperature approaches 2oC above pre-industrial temperatures, as well as those that are expected to occur if the global temperature increases beyond this level. The EU’s global temperature target of 2°C above pre-industrial was fi ...
The role of influx of Arctic surface waters into the Norwegian Sea on
... The role of influx of Arctic surface waters into the Norwegian/Greenland Seas on the Meridional Overturning Circulation and Climate Change (animated version) by the Yew Team Schumacher college / University of Plymouth ...
... The role of influx of Arctic surface waters into the Norwegian/Greenland Seas on the Meridional Overturning Circulation and Climate Change (animated version) by the Yew Team Schumacher college / University of Plymouth ...
Long-Term Climate Trends and Extreme Events in Northern
... certain period of time. This means an average which is itself extreme [14]. Statistics of past climate and model simulations for the future both suggest, e.g. higher maximum and minimum temperatures, more hot summer days and heavier precipitation events or more severe drought, in different parts of ...
... certain period of time. This means an average which is itself extreme [14]. Statistics of past climate and model simulations for the future both suggest, e.g. higher maximum and minimum temperatures, more hot summer days and heavier precipitation events or more severe drought, in different parts of ...
Assessment of impacts on ground water resources in Libya
... resources in general and Libya in particular. State of the art reviews on recent research studies, and methodology to assess the impact of climate change on groundwater resources shows that climate change poses uncertainties to the supply and management of water resources. It outlines to demonstrate ...
... resources in general and Libya in particular. State of the art reviews on recent research studies, and methodology to assess the impact of climate change on groundwater resources shows that climate change poses uncertainties to the supply and management of water resources. It outlines to demonstrate ...
natural solutions to climate change
... sources—a shift away from fossil fuels that will take decades to achieve. Similarly, efforts to help people and species adapt to climate change will include technologies and infrastructure such as sea walls, levees and irrigation works. These “hard engineering” solutions, while essential, must be co ...
... sources—a shift away from fossil fuels that will take decades to achieve. Similarly, efforts to help people and species adapt to climate change will include technologies and infrastructure such as sea walls, levees and irrigation works. These “hard engineering” solutions, while essential, must be co ...
StudyQuestions4
... • If a "100-year flood" happened last year, could another one happen this year on the same river? Explain. 5. How can human activities cause the frequency of flooding to get worse and increase the size of floods at the same time? 6. How can human activities also increase the potential costs and cons ...
... • If a "100-year flood" happened last year, could another one happen this year on the same river? Explain. 5. How can human activities cause the frequency of flooding to get worse and increase the size of floods at the same time? 6. How can human activities also increase the potential costs and cons ...
Multi-Model Projection of July–August Climate Extreme Changes
... The MME shows a consistent warming trend with its highest value over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau; all the changes are statistically significant at the 5% level (Fig. 5a). A regional climate modeling study by Gao et al. (2003) and an analysis of A1B scenario simulations of IPCC AR4 (Christensen ...
... The MME shows a consistent warming trend with its highest value over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau; all the changes are statistically significant at the 5% level (Fig. 5a). A regional climate modeling study by Gao et al. (2003) and an analysis of A1B scenario simulations of IPCC AR4 (Christensen ...
Thirty years ago, half the developing world lived in extreme poverty
... Immediate action is needed to keep warming as close as possible to 2°C. That amount of warming is not desirable, but it is likely to be the best we can do. There isn’t a consensus in the economic profession that this is the economic optimum. There is, however, a growing consensus in policy and scie ...
... Immediate action is needed to keep warming as close as possible to 2°C. That amount of warming is not desirable, but it is likely to be the best we can do. There isn’t a consensus in the economic profession that this is the economic optimum. There is, however, a growing consensus in policy and scie ...
Australian rangelands and climate change – native species
... 2. Approach and methods ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Summary of methods ............................................................................................................... ...
... 2. Approach and methods ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Summary of methods ............................................................................................................... ...
5-Russel 2012
... increasingly common (Wiens 1989; Levin 1992; Schneider 2001). Indeed, understanding the functioning of phenomena that occurs across diVerent scales of space and time is essential to understand the processes that either buVer systems against change or facilitate change (Menge and Olson 1990; Denny et ...
... increasingly common (Wiens 1989; Levin 1992; Schneider 2001). Indeed, understanding the functioning of phenomena that occurs across diVerent scales of space and time is essential to understand the processes that either buVer systems against change or facilitate change (Menge and Olson 1990; Denny et ...
Exploring the role of local adaptation in the response
... factors typical in M. candense habitat were kept constant across the three chambers. Specifically, light, assessed as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), was set to 200 mol photons m-2 s-1 during 14 daylight hours followed by darkness during 10 hours each day to replicate forest understory c ...
... factors typical in M. candense habitat were kept constant across the three chambers. Specifically, light, assessed as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), was set to 200 mol photons m-2 s-1 during 14 daylight hours followed by darkness during 10 hours each day to replicate forest understory c ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).