What is the Paris Agreement, and How Will It Be Implemented?
... to only 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This goal is important because studies have shown that many aspects of nature do not work the way they should when the average global temperature is more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. 2. The second goal is to build resili ...
... to only 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This goal is important because studies have shown that many aspects of nature do not work the way they should when the average global temperature is more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. 2. The second goal is to build resili ...
The Potential Conseque
... the region getting drier by the 2030s. Other changes in climate are possible and there is some chance that that climate over much of the West could become generally drier during the 21st century. • Under the Hadley and Canadian scenarios, runoff is estimated to double in California by the 2090s, tho ...
... the region getting drier by the 2030s. Other changes in climate are possible and there is some chance that that climate over much of the West could become generally drier during the 21st century. • Under the Hadley and Canadian scenarios, runoff is estimated to double in California by the 2090s, tho ...
Climate change in Australia | Monsoonal North cluster report
... businesses and the environment. Australia has already experienced increasing temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns and rising oceans. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013) rigorously assessed the current state and future of the global climate sy ...
... businesses and the environment. Australia has already experienced increasing temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns and rising oceans. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013) rigorously assessed the current state and future of the global climate sy ...
Current and Projected Climate Change Impacts for the Colorado
... the hydrologic cycle of the western United States, including timing of river flow and snowpack, as a means of understanding the most relevant climate change impacts to this water-limited region. Using 1,600 years of data from global climate models, the study evaluated whether observed changes in sno ...
... the hydrologic cycle of the western United States, including timing of river flow and snowpack, as a means of understanding the most relevant climate change impacts to this water-limited region. Using 1,600 years of data from global climate models, the study evaluated whether observed changes in sno ...
The National Climate Change Response Policy
... • near term implementation of near-term priority flagship programmes, comprising continued implementation of existing successful policies and measures, ensuring policy alignment, and scaling up; • Further researching and developing additional policies and measure for implementing the policy • Rigoro ...
... • near term implementation of near-term priority flagship programmes, comprising continued implementation of existing successful policies and measures, ensuring policy alignment, and scaling up; • Further researching and developing additional policies and measure for implementing the policy • Rigoro ...
Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism: The
... prospects for such monitoring and verification are still under discussion in the official negotiations. Nevertheless, hundreds of credit-generating projects are going ahead and at least three EU countries (Denmark, The Netherlands and the UK) have begun their own internal greenhouse gas trading sche ...
... prospects for such monitoring and verification are still under discussion in the official negotiations. Nevertheless, hundreds of credit-generating projects are going ahead and at least three EU countries (Denmark, The Netherlands and the UK) have begun their own internal greenhouse gas trading sche ...
CLIMATE POLICY IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE SCIENCE: THE ICLIPS
... changes are difficult to predict and work into these models. As a result, cost estimates derived from general equilibrium models become increasingly unreliable beyond three or four decades into the future. To provide marginal cost estimates at the century scale, economists have adopted aggregated en ...
... changes are difficult to predict and work into these models. As a result, cost estimates derived from general equilibrium models become increasingly unreliable beyond three or four decades into the future. To provide marginal cost estimates at the century scale, economists have adopted aggregated en ...
Mid-21st century projections in temperature extremes in
... climate projections (e.g., Giorgi et al. 2001; Moberg and Jones 2004; Liang et al. 2008). RCMs are found to provide a better skill in representing the present climate relative to GCMs, and are likely to capture non-linear physical processes in downscaling the GCM projections (Murphy 1999; Liang et a ...
... climate projections (e.g., Giorgi et al. 2001; Moberg and Jones 2004; Liang et al. 2008). RCMs are found to provide a better skill in representing the present climate relative to GCMs, and are likely to capture non-linear physical processes in downscaling the GCM projections (Murphy 1999; Liang et a ...
Capability Approach and policies for those likely to be left behind
... are the challenges for the Capability Approach to explain these and influence policy? An emerging theme of urgent nature in the multidimensional spectrum of human development in the 21st Century is the impact of climate change and rapid globalisation on livelihoods. There is increasing consensus on ...
... are the challenges for the Capability Approach to explain these and influence policy? An emerging theme of urgent nature in the multidimensional spectrum of human development in the 21st Century is the impact of climate change and rapid globalisation on livelihoods. There is increasing consensus on ...
Student Pages
... realize that your sense of what is “normal” weather at any particular time of the year may actually be very different from someone living elsewhere. Whether the days are cold or warm, rainy or dry, sunny or partly cloudy, you become used to the conditions you expect in your home place. But what if t ...
... realize that your sense of what is “normal” weather at any particular time of the year may actually be very different from someone living elsewhere. Whether the days are cold or warm, rainy or dry, sunny or partly cloudy, you become used to the conditions you expect in your home place. But what if t ...
Climate Change and Invasive Alien Species
... in line with the expected change for directional climate change (Box 2). The probability that the observed changes in the expected direction (with no reference to magnitude) could occur by chance alone is negligible and there is high confidence that recent changes in temperature are having discernib ...
... in line with the expected change for directional climate change (Box 2). The probability that the observed changes in the expected direction (with no reference to magnitude) could occur by chance alone is negligible and there is high confidence that recent changes in temperature are having discernib ...
Climate Leviathan - The Ohio State University
... accelerate and consolidate as climate-induced disruptions of accumulation and political stability become more urgent. Although binding agreement could not be reached in Copenhagen, Cancún, or Durban, the terms of a potential agreement are clear enough. To begin, capitalism itself is not a question ...
... accelerate and consolidate as climate-induced disruptions of accumulation and political stability become more urgent. Although binding agreement could not be reached in Copenhagen, Cancún, or Durban, the terms of a potential agreement are clear enough. To begin, capitalism itself is not a question ...
Coherent changes of southeastern equatorial and northern African
... Here, we analyze transient simulations of the climate evolution from the LGM to the early Holocene (11 ka) with a global coupled atmosphere– ocean–sea ice–land general circulation model (CCSM3) to assess possible mechanisms for the abrupt, synchronous onset of the AHP in NA and SEA. The model has a ...
... Here, we analyze transient simulations of the climate evolution from the LGM to the early Holocene (11 ka) with a global coupled atmosphere– ocean–sea ice–land general circulation model (CCSM3) to assess possible mechanisms for the abrupt, synchronous onset of the AHP in NA and SEA. The model has a ...
The Recent Trend and Variance Increase of the
... squares fit, the parameter a is varied until a minimum is obtained in S i [ f r (v i ) 2 2 f (v i ) 2 ]. For determining the confidence levels, 78 degrees of freedom are used for each spectral estimate, where it has been assumed that there are approximately two degrees of freedom for each seasonal p ...
... squares fit, the parameter a is varied until a minimum is obtained in S i [ f r (v i ) 2 2 f (v i ) 2 ]. For determining the confidence levels, 78 degrees of freedom are used for each spectral estimate, where it has been assumed that there are approximately two degrees of freedom for each seasonal p ...
Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early
... Constrained Global Warming .............................................................................. 32 ...
... Constrained Global Warming .............................................................................. 32 ...
VSO and Climate Change
... Community-based adaptation VSO’s priority will be to work on community-based adaptation, work whose primary objective is to improve the capacity of local communities to adapt to climate change impacts. This community-level work builds on VSO’s experience and strengths in assessing and working to red ...
... Community-based adaptation VSO’s priority will be to work on community-based adaptation, work whose primary objective is to improve the capacity of local communities to adapt to climate change impacts. This community-level work builds on VSO’s experience and strengths in assessing and working to red ...
Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical
... and deforestation in different latitude bands. A factor separation yielded a cooling biogeochemical, but a warming biogeophysical contribution of increased forest cover in each latitude. With combined effects they found a temperature decrease (increase) resulting from afforestation (deforestation) i ...
... and deforestation in different latitude bands. A factor separation yielded a cooling biogeochemical, but a warming biogeophysical contribution of increased forest cover in each latitude. With combined effects they found a temperature decrease (increase) resulting from afforestation (deforestation) i ...
Policy makers lament women`s vulnerablity to HIV infection, yet for
... Climate change’s effect on poor people is one of the most bitter ironies of our times. The nations that made themselves wealthy by burning fossil fuels are largely those that will, initially, suffer least from the effects of climate shift. The rise in global average temperatures is playing out diffe ...
... Climate change’s effect on poor people is one of the most bitter ironies of our times. The nations that made themselves wealthy by burning fossil fuels are largely those that will, initially, suffer least from the effects of climate shift. The rise in global average temperatures is playing out diffe ...
Changing Pollen Types/Concentrations
... plants showing reduced reproduction allocation and variability. The increase in flower number is consistent with the fi ndings of Kimball [14], who compiled 430 historic experimental observations of 37 agricultural species grown under enriched atmospheric carbon dioxide conditions. These historic st ...
... plants showing reduced reproduction allocation and variability. The increase in flower number is consistent with the fi ndings of Kimball [14], who compiled 430 historic experimental observations of 37 agricultural species grown under enriched atmospheric carbon dioxide conditions. These historic st ...
Workshop-questions
... The check of consistency of recent and ongoing trends with predictions from dynamical (or other) models represents a kind of „attribution without detection“. This is in particular useful, when time series of insufficient length are available or the signal-to-noise level is too low. The idea is to es ...
... The check of consistency of recent and ongoing trends with predictions from dynamical (or other) models represents a kind of „attribution without detection“. This is in particular useful, when time series of insufficient length are available or the signal-to-noise level is too low. The idea is to es ...
Emergent Properties of Scale in Global Environmental Modeling
... and socioeconomic variables that are estimated (often econometrically) from data pooled at regional levels in order to estimate global impact directly [11–14]. Also included in this class are Ricardian (or ‘‘ergodic’’ according to Schneider et al. [15]) economic modeling approaches that statisticall ...
... and socioeconomic variables that are estimated (often econometrically) from data pooled at regional levels in order to estimate global impact directly [11–14]. Also included in this class are Ricardian (or ‘‘ergodic’’ according to Schneider et al. [15]) economic modeling approaches that statisticall ...
shows
... Dansgaard–Oescher cycles, Heinrich events, and the Younger Dryas). Efforts have begun to simulate the last millennium. Over this time the forcing due to orbital variations is less important than the radiance changes due to volcanic eruptions and variations in solar output. Simulations of these natur ...
... Dansgaard–Oescher cycles, Heinrich events, and the Younger Dryas). Efforts have begun to simulate the last millennium. Over this time the forcing due to orbital variations is less important than the radiance changes due to volcanic eruptions and variations in solar output. Simulations of these natur ...
Draft: do not cite or circulate Climate Change Science and Policy
... conditions for a large part of the western US, particularly for those areas with lower average annual precipitation that are primarily Shrub and Grassland. Again, the tendency for fires to follow wet years is consistent with the idea that climate-driven variability in the availability of fuels driv ...
... conditions for a large part of the western US, particularly for those areas with lower average annual precipitation that are primarily Shrub and Grassland. Again, the tendency for fires to follow wet years is consistent with the idea that climate-driven variability in the availability of fuels driv ...
Dynamic Planet Exam Questions Tectonic Activity: Possible exam
... Outline why an unreliable water supply can cause problems for farmers (2) Using examples describe the impact of an unreliable water supply on people (6) Consequences of human activity on water quality Describe how two human activities can result in a decline in water quality (4) Describe how ...
... Outline why an unreliable water supply can cause problems for farmers (2) Using examples describe the impact of an unreliable water supply on people (6) Consequences of human activity on water quality Describe how two human activities can result in a decline in water quality (4) Describe how ...
Microalgae under Global Environmental Change: Implications for
... though Gephyrocapsa oceanica showed a greater response than Emiliania huxleyi. Calcification by the two species was significantly decreased by elevated CO2, though again, Gephyrocapsa oceanica showed a greater response than Emiliania huxleyi . Both species showed significant malformations of coccoli ...
... though Gephyrocapsa oceanica showed a greater response than Emiliania huxleyi. Calcification by the two species was significantly decreased by elevated CO2, though again, Gephyrocapsa oceanica showed a greater response than Emiliania huxleyi . Both species showed significant malformations of coccoli ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).