Local Economic Recovery in a crisis situation: a bridge between
... Deploying experts and specialists to support the ASEAN field office in Yangon after Cyclone Nargis Preparing “good practice” notes on damage and loss assessment, recovery and earthquake reconstruction to help government of China develop its recovery plan ...
... Deploying experts and specialists to support the ASEAN field office in Yangon after Cyclone Nargis Preparing “good practice” notes on damage and loss assessment, recovery and earthquake reconstruction to help government of China develop its recovery plan ...
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... In addition, these ecosystems also suffer from human interference, such as agriculture and tourism development, and increased grazing activity. This results in degraded water resources in these areas, often with transboundary effects. Unfortunately, not many baseline studies have been done until now ...
... In addition, these ecosystems also suffer from human interference, such as agriculture and tourism development, and increased grazing activity. This results in degraded water resources in these areas, often with transboundary effects. Unfortunately, not many baseline studies have been done until now ...
Solar ultraviolet radiation in a changing climate
... the incident UV radiation at Earth’s surface may result from changes in cloud, snow and ice cover, land-use, and atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and will vary regionally. Circulation patterns, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, account for a high proportion of the variability in the total ...
... the incident UV radiation at Earth’s surface may result from changes in cloud, snow and ice cover, land-use, and atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and will vary regionally. Circulation patterns, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, account for a high proportion of the variability in the total ...
Document
... Climate change is an extraordinarily complex problem about which many uncertainties (in the Knightian sense of the term13) persist. The international community is endeavoring to resolve a global-cost problem (i.e., a social-cost problem affecting the entire world) that is not yet, and may never be, ...
... Climate change is an extraordinarily complex problem about which many uncertainties (in the Knightian sense of the term13) persist. The international community is endeavoring to resolve a global-cost problem (i.e., a social-cost problem affecting the entire world) that is not yet, and may never be, ...
Sulfate Cooling - Global Warming
... Cold-blooded species move around faster, warm-blooded ones slower. More lizards, snakes, mosquitoes and beetles, fewer mammals. Some places get too hot and humid for humans to survive. Earlier springs set up timing mis-matches between flowering green plants and herbivores, and between prey and preda ...
... Cold-blooded species move around faster, warm-blooded ones slower. More lizards, snakes, mosquitoes and beetles, fewer mammals. Some places get too hot and humid for humans to survive. Earlier springs set up timing mis-matches between flowering green plants and herbivores, and between prey and preda ...
Links between climate change, conflict and governance in Africa
... These changes are already undermining the carrying capacity of large parts of the dry pastoral regions in Africa, causing destabilising population movements and raising tensions over dwindling key resources. Under these circumstances climate change potentially becomes a significant factor that can t ...
... These changes are already undermining the carrying capacity of large parts of the dry pastoral regions in Africa, causing destabilising population movements and raising tensions over dwindling key resources. Under these circumstances climate change potentially becomes a significant factor that can t ...
Psychology`s Contributions to Understanding and Addressing
... in two recent major studies (Karl, Melillo, & Peterson, 2009; National Research Council, 2010a). Climate change is sometimes equated with global warming, but it involves much more than temperature change. The human activities that cause temperature change set in motion a series of associated phenome ...
... in two recent major studies (Karl, Melillo, & Peterson, 2009; National Research Council, 2010a). Climate change is sometimes equated with global warming, but it involves much more than temperature change. The human activities that cause temperature change set in motion a series of associated phenome ...
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... When awareness of potential climate change first percolated beyond the circle of specialist scientists a quarter of a century ago, there was a degree of recognition that any mitigation of emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions would need to be complemented by at least some adaptation to ...
... When awareness of potential climate change first percolated beyond the circle of specialist scientists a quarter of a century ago, there was a degree of recognition that any mitigation of emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions would need to be complemented by at least some adaptation to ...
Weighing the costs and benefits of climate change to our children
... world becomes over time in the absence of any action. Focusing on the “standard” case, we see the typical assumption that, over time, the world becomes much, much richer. Figure 2 plots the net benefits of a particular mitigation scenario (relative to inaction, or, in other words, the baseline) over ...
... world becomes over time in the absence of any action. Focusing on the “standard” case, we see the typical assumption that, over time, the world becomes much, much richer. Figure 2 plots the net benefits of a particular mitigation scenario (relative to inaction, or, in other words, the baseline) over ...
Circum-Pacific arc flare-ups and global cooling near the Eocene
... eruptions that has the potential to strongly influence the atmosphere and climate is the introduction of volcanic glass and ash into the ocean. When erupted volcanic ash comes in contact with seawater, salts that are adsorbed onto volcanic glass dissolve and release nutrients, metals such as iron, a ...
... eruptions that has the potential to strongly influence the atmosphere and climate is the introduction of volcanic glass and ash into the ocean. When erupted volcanic ash comes in contact with seawater, salts that are adsorbed onto volcanic glass dissolve and release nutrients, metals such as iron, a ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INCORPORATING CLIMATE UNCERTAINTY INTO ESTIMATES OF CLIMATE
... the climate system – the ocean with the atmosphere, for example – is explicitly included in the numerical calculations. Many such models are currently in use, reflecting efforts by different research groups around the world to develop ever more refined representations of the complex physical process ...
... the climate system – the ocean with the atmosphere, for example – is explicitly included in the numerical calculations. Many such models are currently in use, reflecting efforts by different research groups around the world to develop ever more refined representations of the complex physical process ...
Managing Wild Salmon Biodiversity (DFO 2005)
... More than 9650 “stocks” of 7 species of salmon account for annual returns of between 5 to 30 million spawners that occupy more than 2500 B.C. lakes, streams and rivers ...
... More than 9650 “stocks” of 7 species of salmon account for annual returns of between 5 to 30 million spawners that occupy more than 2500 B.C. lakes, streams and rivers ...
Psychology`s Contributions to Understanding and Addressing
... in two recent major studies (Karl, Melillo, & Peterson, 2009; National Research Council, 2010a). Climate change is sometimes equated with global warming, but it involves much more than temperature change. The human activities that cause temperature change set in motion a series of associated phenome ...
... in two recent major studies (Karl, Melillo, & Peterson, 2009; National Research Council, 2010a). Climate change is sometimes equated with global warming, but it involves much more than temperature change. The human activities that cause temperature change set in motion a series of associated phenome ...
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... necessitates the development and use of models capable of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. Models are necessary in order to understand the issues involved and to derive e¢ cient policies. It is clear that, in order to attain these objectives, these models should be coupled models ...
... necessitates the development and use of models capable of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. Models are necessary in order to understand the issues involved and to derive e¢ cient policies. It is clear that, in order to attain these objectives, these models should be coupled models ...
Deep uncertainty in long-term hurricane risk: scenario generation and implications for future climate experiments: Working Paper 51 (556 kB) (opens in new window)
... Finally, the scenarios aim to represent only the component of annual changes in risk driven by climate change. Another important driver of risk and uncertainty, particularly over short timescales, is natural variability. The annual average frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic ...
... Finally, the scenarios aim to represent only the component of annual changes in risk driven by climate change. Another important driver of risk and uncertainty, particularly over short timescales, is natural variability. The annual average frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic ...
Climate Change
... 1. Food security vulnerability to climate change begins with biophysical effects at the level of individual farms on plants and animals and the systems in which they are managed. These effects alter livelihoods in rural areas directly and urban areas indirectly. International markets transmit the ef ...
... 1. Food security vulnerability to climate change begins with biophysical effects at the level of individual farms on plants and animals and the systems in which they are managed. These effects alter livelihoods in rural areas directly and urban areas indirectly. International markets transmit the ef ...
Chapter 9. Establishing Common Ground: Finding Better Ways to
... United States—Lyndon B. Johnson—gave a special message to Congress to announce his programs to curb recently identified pollution problems that were ravaging the country. When he got to air pollution, he said [1]: “This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale throu ...
... United States—Lyndon B. Johnson—gave a special message to Congress to announce his programs to curb recently identified pollution problems that were ravaging the country. When he got to air pollution, he said [1]: “This generation has altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale throu ...
Expert Consensus on the Economics of Climate Change
... them, including the SCC, are sensitive to many of the assumptions made by modelers. Therefore, the prevailing views of economists are of major importance for improving climate-economic models, including IAMs. Our data can help establish the appropriate assumptions to be used in IAMs, in addition to ...
... them, including the SCC, are sensitive to many of the assumptions made by modelers. Therefore, the prevailing views of economists are of major importance for improving climate-economic models, including IAMs. Our data can help establish the appropriate assumptions to be used in IAMs, in addition to ...
The Rules of the Game
... These reports have already drawn together the majority of the evidence base on behaviour change and the communication of sustainable development issues. Rather than duplicate the effort and insight of these experts, we have stood upon their shoulders to create this applicable set of principles for ...
... These reports have already drawn together the majority of the evidence base on behaviour change and the communication of sustainable development issues. Rather than duplicate the effort and insight of these experts, we have stood upon their shoulders to create this applicable set of principles for ...
Global Commitment: Achieving the Less than 2
... As countries develop and negotiate their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to reducing greenhouse–gas emissions, total emissions continue to grow while the chances of avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’ and keeping global–mean surface temperature change to less than 2 °C rel ...
... As countries develop and negotiate their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to reducing greenhouse–gas emissions, total emissions continue to grow while the chances of avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’ and keeping global–mean surface temperature change to less than 2 °C rel ...
The History of Late 20th and early 21st Century
... produce to international markets, a drastic change would be disastrous, with crops threatened by a loss of soil moisture and new pests suited to the warmer climate (Fleischer et al. 2007).8 An increase in heavy rainfall events could also increase topsoil erosion and soil salinity which damage plant ...
... produce to international markets, a drastic change would be disastrous, with crops threatened by a loss of soil moisture and new pests suited to the warmer climate (Fleischer et al. 2007).8 An increase in heavy rainfall events could also increase topsoil erosion and soil salinity which damage plant ...
FAQs - The Climate Talks Project
... This has not worked so far. Harvard’s relatively small holdings in fossil fuels give us little leverage. Moreover, we have no special expertise in these stocks. We urge a division of labor in which investors who have a potential effect on public opinion, such as Harvard, divest and those who can mar ...
... This has not worked so far. Harvard’s relatively small holdings in fossil fuels give us little leverage. Moreover, we have no special expertise in these stocks. We urge a division of labor in which investors who have a potential effect on public opinion, such as Harvard, divest and those who can mar ...
The Urgent State of the Earth - Department of Politics and
... commitments. Also, states must be aware of the associated costs prior to the time any agreement is made. Hence, any behavior categorized as non-compliant with the treaty results in an economic cost. 2 Background, Research Method, and Data 2.1 The Kyoto Protocol After the Intergovernmental Panel on C ...
... commitments. Also, states must be aware of the associated costs prior to the time any agreement is made. Hence, any behavior categorized as non-compliant with the treaty results in an economic cost. 2 Background, Research Method, and Data 2.1 The Kyoto Protocol After the Intergovernmental Panel on C ...
Land-use and carbon cycle responses
... indicated otherwise) since trees take up more CO2 through photosynthesis than they respire and thereupon store the absorbed carbon in vegetation and soil (biological carbon sequestration and storage)4,5. Therefore, afforestation can remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which is also known as negative CO2 ...
... indicated otherwise) since trees take up more CO2 through photosynthesis than they respire and thereupon store the absorbed carbon in vegetation and soil (biological carbon sequestration and storage)4,5. Therefore, afforestation can remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which is also known as negative CO2 ...
False Solutions - Rising Tide North America
... Desperate to avoid climate regulation that may affect profits, polluting corporations are working hand-in-hand with governments, presenting a dizzying array of false solutions that deepen inequalities in our societies. There is a clear agenda: Manage the climate crisis without compromising profits, ...
... Desperate to avoid climate regulation that may affect profits, polluting corporations are working hand-in-hand with governments, presenting a dizzying array of false solutions that deepen inequalities in our societies. There is a clear agenda: Manage the climate crisis without compromising profits, ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).