Synergy of rising nitrogen depositions and atmospheric CO2 on land
... [2] Burning of fossil fuel and land use change release carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the most important greenhouse gas with a radiative forcing of about 1.66 W/m2. If carbon uptake of the land or ocean weakens in the future, atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase even faster [Raupach et al., 2007] ...
... [2] Burning of fossil fuel and land use change release carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the most important greenhouse gas with a radiative forcing of about 1.66 W/m2. If carbon uptake of the land or ocean weakens in the future, atmospheric CO2 concentrations increase even faster [Raupach et al., 2007] ...
indonesia second national communication
... Regulations regarding environmental protection of the Republic of Indonesia mandate the government to promote and adopt policies that maintain its environment for the benefit of present and future populations. Addressing the challenge of climate change is one of the Indonesian Government’s highest p ...
... Regulations regarding environmental protection of the Republic of Indonesia mandate the government to promote and adopt policies that maintain its environment for the benefit of present and future populations. Addressing the challenge of climate change is one of the Indonesian Government’s highest p ...
Effects of climate on occurrence and size of large - Archipel
... a decrease and an increase in fire frequency is forecasted (Flannigan et al. 2001). Moreover, there exists an equivocal balance of evidence regarding climate change effects in this area. Contrary to the slight increase forecasted by Flannigan et al. (2001), Bergeron et al. (2006) forecasted a decreas ...
... a decrease and an increase in fire frequency is forecasted (Flannigan et al. 2001). Moreover, there exists an equivocal balance of evidence regarding climate change effects in this area. Contrary to the slight increase forecasted by Flannigan et al. (2001), Bergeron et al. (2006) forecasted a decreas ...
Assessing the Determinants Facilitating Local Vulnerabilities and
... ecology, natural hazards and risk management and climate ethics to assess the multi-scalar factors that aggregate at the local level to shape climate change outcomes. This unique conceptual background directly informs a mixed-methodological design that integrates surveys, climate trend modeling and ...
... ecology, natural hazards and risk management and climate ethics to assess the multi-scalar factors that aggregate at the local level to shape climate change outcomes. This unique conceptual background directly informs a mixed-methodological design that integrates surveys, climate trend modeling and ...
Impacts of Large-Scale Reforestation Programmes on Regional
... in the local climate according to the BATS simulations, but only moderate changes in the CLM experiments. When the BATS was used, the surface temperature increased and precipitation decreased significantly during both summer and winter seasons. These ii ...
... in the local climate according to the BATS simulations, but only moderate changes in the CLM experiments. When the BATS was used, the surface temperature increased and precipitation decreased significantly during both summer and winter seasons. These ii ...
The durability of the `Antarctic Model` and - Research Online
... the retreat of that sea-ice. The report concedes that ice sheet modelling is particularly difficult21 and there are broad variations in the range of predicted outcomes. However models suggest that the average annual sea-ice area will decrease by approximately one-third over the next 100 years.22 Reg ...
... the retreat of that sea-ice. The report concedes that ice sheet modelling is particularly difficult21 and there are broad variations in the range of predicted outcomes. However models suggest that the average annual sea-ice area will decrease by approximately one-third over the next 100 years.22 Reg ...
Part IV - Urban Climate Change Research Network
... to micro-scale or structural aspects of cities. A city’s urban form, the overall characteristics of a city’s existing built environment, e.g., dispersed versus compact settlement form, the extent and pattern of open spaces and impervious surface, and the relationship of its density to destinations a ...
... to micro-scale or structural aspects of cities. A city’s urban form, the overall characteristics of a city’s existing built environment, e.g., dispersed versus compact settlement form, the extent and pattern of open spaces and impervious surface, and the relationship of its density to destinations a ...
Cotton and Climate Change - International Trade Centre
... water for irrigation, in particular in Xinjiang (China), Pakistan, Australia and the western United States. Heat stress risks creating depressed yields in Pakistan in particular, while in other countries limited increases in temperatures could favour cotton plant growth and lengthen the cotton growi ...
... water for irrigation, in particular in Xinjiang (China), Pakistan, Australia and the western United States. Heat stress risks creating depressed yields in Pakistan in particular, while in other countries limited increases in temperatures could favour cotton plant growth and lengthen the cotton growi ...
Slide 1
... Fossil-Fuels: Biomass lain down in the Earth millions of years ago, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which when burnt produce carbon dioxide. (1) Global warming: A rise in the Earth’s temperature, often used with respect to the observed increase since the early 20th century. (1) Good Corporate C ...
... Fossil-Fuels: Biomass lain down in the Earth millions of years ago, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which when burnt produce carbon dioxide. (1) Global warming: A rise in the Earth’s temperature, often used with respect to the observed increase since the early 20th century. (1) Good Corporate C ...
Survival of the fittest: Pastoralism and climate change in East Africa
... For decades pastoralists have been side-lined in decision-making processes in East Africa. The result is chronic under-investment in pastoralist communities across the region, and the consequent increase in vulnerability. Pastoralist communities are marginalised on the basis of their geographical re ...
... For decades pastoralists have been side-lined in decision-making processes in East Africa. The result is chronic under-investment in pastoralist communities across the region, and the consequent increase in vulnerability. Pastoralist communities are marginalised on the basis of their geographical re ...
Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Approaches in Freshwater
... from 1970 to 1999 showed most stations remained below 68°F (20°C), the upper threshold for salmon survival.59 However, in the 21st century, a prolonged duration of water temperatures beyond the thermal maximum for salmon is projected for the Fraser River (BC),60 the Lake Washington/Lake Union ship c ...
... from 1970 to 1999 showed most stations remained below 68°F (20°C), the upper threshold for salmon survival.59 However, in the 21st century, a prolonged duration of water temperatures beyond the thermal maximum for salmon is projected for the Fraser River (BC),60 the Lake Washington/Lake Union ship c ...
Cotton and Climate Change: Impacts and options to mitigate
... temperatures favour cotton plant development, unless day temperatures exceed 32º C. Limited increases in atmospheric CO2 also favour the cotton plant’s development. Insects are expected to adapt to climate change through their capacity to adapt their body temperature to the temperature of the enviro ...
... temperatures favour cotton plant development, unless day temperatures exceed 32º C. Limited increases in atmospheric CO2 also favour the cotton plant’s development. Insects are expected to adapt to climate change through their capacity to adapt their body temperature to the temperature of the enviro ...
Climate Change in Kivalina, Alaska
... decades, but rather in years, months, or even hours. Elders talk about camping on thick shelves of sea ice; an astounding change when compared with the thin ice typical today. Kivalina’s youth are in many ways just as insightful, a lot of change has occurred just within the span of their lives. Stor ...
... decades, but rather in years, months, or even hours. Elders talk about camping on thick shelves of sea ice; an astounding change when compared with the thin ice typical today. Kivalina’s youth are in many ways just as insightful, a lot of change has occurred just within the span of their lives. Stor ...
459_1 - VTechWorks
... communities. On March 25, 2009, the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted resolution 10/4, unequivocally recognizing that “climate change-related impacts have a range of implications, both direct and indirect, for the effective enjoyment of human rights including, inter alia, the right to life ...
... communities. On March 25, 2009, the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted resolution 10/4, unequivocally recognizing that “climate change-related impacts have a range of implications, both direct and indirect, for the effective enjoyment of human rights including, inter alia, the right to life ...
A Technological Solution for Climate Change? Storage
... electricity system by 2030 (DECC, 2009b). The UK is thought to be ideal for development of CCS, its industrial past having left an abundance of depleted offshore oil and gas fields and existing infrastructure (DECC Science Advisory Group, 2011; DTI, 2005). CCS is expensive, and experience with other ...
... electricity system by 2030 (DECC, 2009b). The UK is thought to be ideal for development of CCS, its industrial past having left an abundance of depleted offshore oil and gas fields and existing infrastructure (DECC Science Advisory Group, 2011; DTI, 2005). CCS is expensive, and experience with other ...
A Climate Change Vulnerability and Risk Assessment
... Table 1. Sectors and planning areas assessed in this study ..................................................................... 17 Table 2. Vulnerability assessment part I: sensitivity analysis questions .................................................. 19 Table 3. Vulnerability assessment part II ...
... Table 1. Sectors and planning areas assessed in this study ..................................................................... 17 Table 2. Vulnerability assessment part I: sensitivity analysis questions .................................................. 19 Table 3. Vulnerability assessment part II ...
Full-Text PDF
... change-driven flow alterations predicted for the 21st century, the development of adaptive management of environmental flows should be a high priority in environmental research. The best information available for environmental managers responsible for maintaining aquatic ecosystems should be provide ...
... change-driven flow alterations predicted for the 21st century, the development of adaptive management of environmental flows should be a high priority in environmental research. The best information available for environmental managers responsible for maintaining aquatic ecosystems should be provide ...
Ocean dynamics determine the response of oceanic CO2 uptake to
... The terrestrial carbon cycle is simulated by the land surface scheme JSBACH. This is based on the Biosphere Energy Transfer and Hydrology scheme (BETHY, Knorr 2000), which includes photosynthesis for C3 and C4 plants, depending on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Furthermore, stomatal conductance and ...
... The terrestrial carbon cycle is simulated by the land surface scheme JSBACH. This is based on the Biosphere Energy Transfer and Hydrology scheme (BETHY, Knorr 2000), which includes photosynthesis for C3 and C4 plants, depending on atmospheric CO2 concentration. Furthermore, stomatal conductance and ...
Kerala State Action Plan on Climate Change
... The climate of Kerala is tropical monsoon with seasonally excessive rainfall and hot summer2. The Western Ghats plays a major role in the climatic conditions that prevail all along the state. The year may be divided into four seasons. The period of March to the end of May is the hot season which is ...
... The climate of Kerala is tropical monsoon with seasonally excessive rainfall and hot summer2. The Western Ghats plays a major role in the climatic conditions that prevail all along the state. The year may be divided into four seasons. The period of March to the end of May is the hot season which is ...
Climate Investigations Using Ice Sheet and Mass Balance Models
... with middle school teachers and students in an effort to utilize computer modeling and visualization of earth science processes in the classroom. One aspect of IDEAS is to investigate how small climate perturbations can lead to big environmental changes. For example, how would the distribution of bi ...
... with middle school teachers and students in an effort to utilize computer modeling and visualization of earth science processes in the classroom. One aspect of IDEAS is to investigate how small climate perturbations can lead to big environmental changes. For example, how would the distribution of bi ...
LIFE and climate change adaptation
... The EU has made a clear pledge to contribute to the global effort. We are committed to a binding, economywide greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of at least 40% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. We also want the Paris Agreement to provide a long-term vision to enhance climate-resilient sustai ...
... The EU has made a clear pledge to contribute to the global effort. We are committed to a binding, economywide greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of at least 40% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. We also want the Paris Agreement to provide a long-term vision to enhance climate-resilient sustai ...
PDF
... (2013) on the total annual crop area seeded/harvested, summer fallow area, yield, and production of all the major crops grown in Canada by province at the crop district level (Figure 1). The time period coverage selected for this study was based on the availability of comparable spring wheat and can ...
... (2013) on the total annual crop area seeded/harvested, summer fallow area, yield, and production of all the major crops grown in Canada by province at the crop district level (Figure 1). The time period coverage selected for this study was based on the availability of comparable spring wheat and can ...
Estimation of the direct radiative forcing due to sulfate and soot
... We assume that the fossil fuel soot aerosols are hydrophobic, therefore no growth with increasing relative humidity is taken into account. In lack of emission data for soot and a model describing the transformation, transport, and deposition of soot, we use a linear relationship between concentratio ...
... We assume that the fossil fuel soot aerosols are hydrophobic, therefore no growth with increasing relative humidity is taken into account. In lack of emission data for soot and a model describing the transformation, transport, and deposition of soot, we use a linear relationship between concentratio ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).