Tipping elements and climate-economic shocks
... decrease global mean temperature [Bickel and Agrawal, 2012; Moreno-Cruz and Keith, 2012; Keith, 2013; Irvine et al., 2014; Heutel et al., 2015]. Some researchers suggest that SRM might in certain contexts reduce committed changes or slow their realization in a tipping element such as an ice sheet [I ...
... decrease global mean temperature [Bickel and Agrawal, 2012; Moreno-Cruz and Keith, 2012; Keith, 2013; Irvine et al., 2014; Heutel et al., 2015]. Some researchers suggest that SRM might in certain contexts reduce committed changes or slow their realization in a tipping element such as an ice sheet [I ...
National Roadmap for Responding to Climate Change USDA Forest Service
... health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. Americans rely on their forests and grasslands for a wide range of benefits—for provisioning services such as water, wood, and wild foods; for regulating services such as e ...
... health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. Americans rely on their forests and grasslands for a wide range of benefits—for provisioning services such as water, wood, and wild foods; for regulating services such as e ...
Physiological Basis of Climate Change Impacts on North American
... The physiology of fish is controlled by their internal temperature, which, in the case of most fishes, is regulated by the ambient thermal environment (i.e., ectothermic) and can vary greatly across time and space (i.e., poikilothermic; Box 1). The influence of ambient temperature on the rate of phy ...
... The physiology of fish is controlled by their internal temperature, which, in the case of most fishes, is regulated by the ambient thermal environment (i.e., ectothermic) and can vary greatly across time and space (i.e., poikilothermic; Box 1). The influence of ambient temperature on the rate of phy ...
Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural
... molecules in solution; H2O(aq)-condensed, water that condensed to form liquid hydrometeors. Condensed and hydrated water existed in the same particles so that, if condensed water evaporated, the core material, including its hydrated water, remained. H2O(s) was either water that froze or deposited fr ...
... molecules in solution; H2O(aq)-condensed, water that condensed to form liquid hydrometeors. Condensed and hydrated water existed in the same particles so that, if condensed water evaporated, the core material, including its hydrated water, remained. H2O(s) was either water that froze or deposited fr ...
unilateral climate regulation - Harvard Environmental Law Review
... have adopted a wide range of domestic policy instruments to control greenhouse gases. The European Union, along with other jurisdictions,8 uses a capand-trade system, in which polluters are required to hold a permit to emit greenhouse gases.9 A cap-and-trade system limits emissions by capping the nu ...
... have adopted a wide range of domestic policy instruments to control greenhouse gases. The European Union, along with other jurisdictions,8 uses a capand-trade system, in which polluters are required to hold a permit to emit greenhouse gases.9 A cap-and-trade system limits emissions by capping the nu ...
weather and climate: engaging youth
... the rate of global warming; without this ocean sink, atmospheric CO2 levels would already be greater than 450 ppm. However, the continuation of such a fundamental and rapid change to ocean chemistry is likely to be bad news for life in the sea; it will not only cause problems for many organisms with ...
... the rate of global warming; without this ocean sink, atmospheric CO2 levels would already be greater than 450 ppm. However, the continuation of such a fundamental and rapid change to ocean chemistry is likely to be bad news for life in the sea; it will not only cause problems for many organisms with ...
Global Change and the Earth System
... begun to emerge that forms the framework for a growing body of research within the environmental sciences. Crucial to the emergence of this perspective has been the dawning awareness of two fundamental aspects of the nature of the planet. The first is that the Earth itself is a single system, within ...
... begun to emerge that forms the framework for a growing body of research within the environmental sciences. Crucial to the emergence of this perspective has been the dawning awareness of two fundamental aspects of the nature of the planet. The first is that the Earth itself is a single system, within ...
Simulated interannual variation in summertime atmospheric
... in surface temperature over the continents (the latest results can be seen in the IPCC Data Distribution Centre website; http://www.ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk). This means that summertime land–sea temperature contrast increases, and it is inferred that monsoonal circulation over East Asia is intensified ...
... in surface temperature over the continents (the latest results can be seen in the IPCC Data Distribution Centre website; http://www.ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk). This means that summertime land–sea temperature contrast increases, and it is inferred that monsoonal circulation over East Asia is intensified ...
Resolving the effect of climate change on fish - Climate
... respectively (Hulme et al., 2002). Changes in the strength and prevailing direction of wind over European marine areas remain uncertain, although the expectation is that there will be an increase in average and extreme windspeeds over northern Europe (Hulme et al., 2002). Precipitation and river run ...
... respectively (Hulme et al., 2002). Changes in the strength and prevailing direction of wind over European marine areas remain uncertain, although the expectation is that there will be an increase in average and extreme windspeeds over northern Europe (Hulme et al., 2002). Precipitation and river run ...
Physiological Basis
... • Iono- and osmoregulatory: Rising salinities associated with climate change will disrupt the hydromineral balance of fishes with narrow salinity tolerances, decreasing their abundance in assemblages, while leaving fishes with broader salinity tolerances less affected. • Reproduction: Deviations f ...
... • Iono- and osmoregulatory: Rising salinities associated with climate change will disrupt the hydromineral balance of fishes with narrow salinity tolerances, decreasing their abundance in assemblages, while leaving fishes with broader salinity tolerances less affected. • Reproduction: Deviations f ...
1 Darrel Moellendorf Forthcoming in Dominic Roser and Jennifer
... Rawls holds that some matters of justice have priority over others, such as for example the priority of liberty over distributive justice (Rawls 1999a, p. 214-220 & p. 474-480). Perhaps if principles of climate change justice had priority over other principles of justice, an ideal theory of climate ...
... Rawls holds that some matters of justice have priority over others, such as for example the priority of liberty over distributive justice (Rawls 1999a, p. 214-220 & p. 474-480). Perhaps if principles of climate change justice had priority over other principles of justice, an ideal theory of climate ...
Two Kinds of Climate Justice: Avoiding Harm and Sharing Burdens
... From the external point of view, it is defensible to argue that ‘concessions need to be made to high emitters because without that they are not likely to comply (or will not comply)’. But if a high emitting country like the USA simply says ‘this treaty needs to reward us because unless it does so th ...
... From the external point of view, it is defensible to argue that ‘concessions need to be made to high emitters because without that they are not likely to comply (or will not comply)’. But if a high emitting country like the USA simply says ‘this treaty needs to reward us because unless it does so th ...
the economics of climate change the economics of
... While the Stern Review looked at the impacts of climate change at a global level it is at a local level where the impacts will be realised and both adaptation and mitigation responses will take place. Although the problem of climate change is global in nature, it is only through detailed understandi ...
... While the Stern Review looked at the impacts of climate change at a global level it is at a local level where the impacts will be realised and both adaptation and mitigation responses will take place. Although the problem of climate change is global in nature, it is only through detailed understandi ...
Climate change and energy security – global challenges and
... infrastructure are vulnerable to extreme weather events. If scientific consensus is to be believed, global warming is likely to increase the prevalence and severity with which such events occur in the future. And, assuming that man-made greenhouse gas emissions are to blame for some proportion of cl ...
... infrastructure are vulnerable to extreme weather events. If scientific consensus is to be believed, global warming is likely to increase the prevalence and severity with which such events occur in the future. And, assuming that man-made greenhouse gas emissions are to blame for some proportion of cl ...
EOS CAR LA 2011 - Climate Action Reserve
... Protocol will have reduced net GWPweighted emissions from ODSs in 2010 by about 11 Gt CO2-eq yr-1, or 5-6 times the reduction target of the first commitment period (2008-2012) of the Kyoto ...
... Protocol will have reduced net GWPweighted emissions from ODSs in 2010 by about 11 Gt CO2-eq yr-1, or 5-6 times the reduction target of the first commitment period (2008-2012) of the Kyoto ...
Climate Change is a Geographic Problem
... records of climate change stretch back even farther when one considers fields such as dendrochronology (measuring the size of tree rings), which reveals climate data stretching back for thousands of years, and palynology (changes in the type and distribution of fossil pollen), which gives us clues a ...
... records of climate change stretch back even farther when one considers fields such as dendrochronology (measuring the size of tree rings), which reveals climate data stretching back for thousands of years, and palynology (changes in the type and distribution of fossil pollen), which gives us clues a ...
Long-term macroinvertebrate responses to climate change
... structure associated with increasing temperatures and/or climate change related shifts in stream flow (Daufresne et al. 2004, 2009; Burgmer et al. 2007; Durance and Ormerod 2007, 2009; Chessman 2009; Ormerod and Durance 2009). These documented shifts in community composition and structure are largel ...
... structure associated with increasing temperatures and/or climate change related shifts in stream flow (Daufresne et al. 2004, 2009; Burgmer et al. 2007; Durance and Ormerod 2007, 2009; Chessman 2009; Ormerod and Durance 2009). These documented shifts in community composition and structure are largel ...
The Impact of Climate Change on Air Quality
... and albedo differences from agriculture. Using the same domain, Jacobson (2010) investigated the climate and air quality response to local CO2 emissions over CA for two years, as well as over Los Angeles for six months, and concluded that local CO2 emissions could increase ozone and PM concentration ...
... and albedo differences from agriculture. Using the same domain, Jacobson (2010) investigated the climate and air quality response to local CO2 emissions over CA for two years, as well as over Los Angeles for six months, and concluded that local CO2 emissions could increase ozone and PM concentration ...
Farmer beliefs and concerns about climate change and attitudes
... adaptive and/or mitigative actions to address it. Beliefs are generally conceptualized as understandings of the state of things in the world, or estimates of reality as individuals perceive it based on accumulated knowledge (Dietz et al. 2005; Wyer and Albarracin 2005). In turn, beliefs influence th ...
... adaptive and/or mitigative actions to address it. Beliefs are generally conceptualized as understandings of the state of things in the world, or estimates of reality as individuals perceive it based on accumulated knowledge (Dietz et al. 2005; Wyer and Albarracin 2005). In turn, beliefs influence th ...
Slide 1
... poverty and population growth, with humanitarian, health, political and security consequences, including greater migration. Climate change can also lead to disputes over trade routes, maritime zones and resources previously inaccessible.” EU SGHR Report on Implementation of the EU Security Strategy ...
... poverty and population growth, with humanitarian, health, political and security consequences, including greater migration. Climate change can also lead to disputes over trade routes, maritime zones and resources previously inaccessible.” EU SGHR Report on Implementation of the EU Security Strategy ...
Circum-Pacific arc flare-ups and global cooling near the Eocene
... between climate cooling and voluminous volcanic eruptions has remained speculative due to a lack of supporting evidence. A compilation of 2814 K-Ar and 40Ar/ 39Ar age determinations from four circum-Pacific arcs indicates that periods of high volcanic output (i.e., flare-ups) have been episodic and, ...
... between climate cooling and voluminous volcanic eruptions has remained speculative due to a lack of supporting evidence. A compilation of 2814 K-Ar and 40Ar/ 39Ar age determinations from four circum-Pacific arcs indicates that periods of high volcanic output (i.e., flare-ups) have been episodic and, ...
Required Gases and GWP values
... system by stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at safe levels. The UNFCCC itself set no mandatory limits on GHG emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the UNFCCC provides for updates (‘Protocols’) that set mandatory emission limits. The Kyoto Pr ...
... system by stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of GHGs at safe levels. The UNFCCC itself set no mandatory limits on GHG emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the UNFCCC provides for updates (‘Protocols’) that set mandatory emission limits. The Kyoto Pr ...
An India That Can Say Yes - Indian Network on Ethics and Climate
... increase velocity frequency of cyclones and sea storms, very rapid melting of glaciers, and above all the collapse of arctic ice sheet, the greatest mass of ice and snow on planet Earth, this is actually coupled with rise in sea levels which is three times higher in the year than it was between the ...
... increase velocity frequency of cyclones and sea storms, very rapid melting of glaciers, and above all the collapse of arctic ice sheet, the greatest mass of ice and snow on planet Earth, this is actually coupled with rise in sea levels which is three times higher in the year than it was between the ...
Solving the paradox of the end of the Little Ice Age in the Alps
... [Vincent et al., 2004; Grove, 1988] show a general extension between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. For comparison, Figure 3b shows the length fluctuations of the Bossons glacier (Mont Blanc area) over the same period. Although these length variations cannot be directly interpreted ...
... [Vincent et al., 2004; Grove, 1988] show a general extension between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. For comparison, Figure 3b shows the length fluctuations of the Bossons glacier (Mont Blanc area) over the same period. Although these length variations cannot be directly interpreted ...
MODULE 5: ICE AND CLMATE CHANGE
... happens, there will be a huge increase in the amount of freshwater entering the oceans. This will reduce the salinity of the world’s oceans and affect ocean current patterns. ...
... happens, there will be a huge increase in the amount of freshwater entering the oceans. This will reduce the salinity of the world’s oceans and affect ocean current patterns. ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""