Large-scale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the
... The distribution map of each species in recent decades (i.e., 1980–2000) was derived from an algorithm described in Close et al. (2006). Basically, this algorithm estimates the relative abundance of a species on a 30 0 latitude 30 0 longitude grid of the world ocean. Input parameters for the model ...
... The distribution map of each species in recent decades (i.e., 1980–2000) was derived from an algorithm described in Close et al. (2006). Basically, this algorithm estimates the relative abundance of a species on a 30 0 latitude 30 0 longitude grid of the world ocean. Input parameters for the model ...
Program on Global and Regional Climate Change
... Climate change is being recognized as a major threat to present day society because of its adverse impacts on ecosystem, agricultural productivity, water resources, socio-economy and sustainability in a global as well as regional basis. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its fou ...
... Climate change is being recognized as a major threat to present day society because of its adverse impacts on ecosystem, agricultural productivity, water resources, socio-economy and sustainability in a global as well as regional basis. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its fou ...
The Changing Earth-Life System—Critical Information for
... nized the necessity of studying the complete diversity of these past Earth system states in detail (Parrish et al., 2011), but progress has been slow for a variety of reasons, including the difficulty of accurately positioning the numerous, high-resolution environmental records in time. Despite the ...
... nized the necessity of studying the complete diversity of these past Earth system states in detail (Parrish et al., 2011), but progress has been slow for a variety of reasons, including the difficulty of accurately positioning the numerous, high-resolution environmental records in time. Despite the ...
An efficient regional energy-moisture balance
... temperature offset is added to the modern climatological temperatures and a simple correction for elevation change is employed (e.g., Greve, 2000; Huybrechts et al., 2004; Parizek and Alley, 2004; Gregory and Huybrechts, 2006). While such an approach is justified for short-term predictions, it becom ...
... temperature offset is added to the modern climatological temperatures and a simple correction for elevation change is employed (e.g., Greve, 2000; Huybrechts et al., 2004; Parizek and Alley, 2004; Gregory and Huybrechts, 2006). While such an approach is justified for short-term predictions, it becom ...
Prince Edward Island and Climate Change
... Identifying vulnerable infrastructure, incorporating river and coastal flooding in land-use policies, revising emergency response measures, and accounting for sea-level rise when planning and building infrastructure will help reduce damage to infrastructure and the environment, and lessen the risk t ...
... Identifying vulnerable infrastructure, incorporating river and coastal flooding in land-use policies, revising emergency response measures, and accounting for sea-level rise when planning and building infrastructure will help reduce damage to infrastructure and the environment, and lessen the risk t ...
Simulated dynamics of net primary productivity
... Between 14 and 22% of global greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) come from livestock activity (FAO, 2006); specifically it is accountable for 9% of the CO2 emissions (mainly due to deforestation), 37% of methane emissions (due to digestion of ruminants) and 65% of nitrous oxide (from manure). Livestoc ...
... Between 14 and 22% of global greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) come from livestock activity (FAO, 2006); specifically it is accountable for 9% of the CO2 emissions (mainly due to deforestation), 37% of methane emissions (due to digestion of ruminants) and 65% of nitrous oxide (from manure). Livestoc ...
Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook MODULE 8: Climate-smart Livestock
... The livestock sector is a major contributor to climate change, generating significant emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). Livestock contribute to climate change by emitting GHGs either directly (e.g. from enteric fermentation and manure management) or indirectly ...
... The livestock sector is a major contributor to climate change, generating significant emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N20). Livestock contribute to climate change by emitting GHGs either directly (e.g. from enteric fermentation and manure management) or indirectly ...
i4332e01
... example, to develop agricultural technologies for the hotspot regions. In extreme cases, hotspots may provide forewarning of areas where agriculture could be untenable in the future, leading to shifts out of agriculture or migration away from the hotspot. Areas identified as climate opportunities, i ...
... example, to develop agricultural technologies for the hotspot regions. In extreme cases, hotspots may provide forewarning of areas where agriculture could be untenable in the future, leading to shifts out of agriculture or migration away from the hotspot. Areas identified as climate opportunities, i ...
The implications of climate change scenario selection for future
... River Basin headwaters (water producing regions), streamflows in the Upper Colorado River Basin will be reduced less than projected, or may increase. Given the large uncertainty over future climate evolution at the scale of this transition zone, advances in climate science (perhaps including higherr ...
... River Basin headwaters (water producing regions), streamflows in the Upper Colorado River Basin will be reduced less than projected, or may increase. Given the large uncertainty over future climate evolution at the scale of this transition zone, advances in climate science (perhaps including higherr ...
Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: A case study from Arctic
... 1997) and reviews in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report and the Arctic Council’s ACIA (Maxwell, 1997; Anisimov and Fitzharris, 2001; ACIA, 2004). Information is also available from specific studies of the implications of changes for certain biophysical syste ...
... 1997) and reviews in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report and the Arctic Council’s ACIA (Maxwell, 1997; Anisimov and Fitzharris, 2001; ACIA, 2004). Information is also available from specific studies of the implications of changes for certain biophysical syste ...
A Structural Land-Use Analysis of Agricultural Adaptation to Climate
... rather than on profit records. Unlike land-use data, which are readily available from official acreage reports, reliable profit data are scarce and suffer from measurement errors. As noted by Deschênes and Greenstone (2007), the use of land value as a proxy for profit can result in biased estimates ...
... rather than on profit records. Unlike land-use data, which are readily available from official acreage reports, reliable profit data are scarce and suffer from measurement errors. As noted by Deschênes and Greenstone (2007), the use of land value as a proxy for profit can result in biased estimates ...
Effects of climate change on an emperor penguin population
... Sea ice conditions in the Antarctic affect the life cycle of the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). We present a population projection for the emperor penguin population of Terre Adélie, Antarctica, by linking demographic models (stage-structured, seasonal, nonlinear, two-sex matrix population ...
... Sea ice conditions in the Antarctic affect the life cycle of the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). We present a population projection for the emperor penguin population of Terre Adélie, Antarctica, by linking demographic models (stage-structured, seasonal, nonlinear, two-sex matrix population ...
Climate and Atmosphere-- United States
... Protocol, which was adopted by consensus at the third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, contains emission targets for Annex I (developed) countries for the post-2000 period. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_s ...
... Protocol, which was adopted by consensus at the third session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-3) in December 1997, contains emission targets for Annex I (developed) countries for the post-2000 period. View full technical notes on-line at http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_s ...
SENSITIVITY OF TUNDRA CARBON BALANCE TO AMBIENT
... acrilic chamber (42 × 42 × 50 cm). Carbon dioxide fluxes at natural sun light were assumed to be an estimate of net C flux (NF). The carbon dioxide flux measured in a darkened chamber was an estimate of gross ecosystem respiration (GR). The difference between GR and NF is the gross primary productio ...
... acrilic chamber (42 × 42 × 50 cm). Carbon dioxide fluxes at natural sun light were assumed to be an estimate of net C flux (NF). The carbon dioxide flux measured in a darkened chamber was an estimate of gross ecosystem respiration (GR). The difference between GR and NF is the gross primary productio ...
the impact of weather and climate risks on cereal crops productivity
... According to these estimates, in the next years (2020), a drastic decrease in the yield of maize and winter wheat is expected - according to scenario SRES B2A (tab.3, tab.4), and by the 2020, corn yield will be about 25% less than the yield calculated for the period of 1970 to 2000 - period taken as ...
... According to these estimates, in the next years (2020), a drastic decrease in the yield of maize and winter wheat is expected - according to scenario SRES B2A (tab.3, tab.4), and by the 2020, corn yield will be about 25% less than the yield calculated for the period of 1970 to 2000 - period taken as ...
Greenhouse Gases
... these greenhouse gases can alter the balance of energy transfers between the atmosphere, space, land, and the oceans. The major greenhouse gases which make the largest contribution to global warming are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The Intergovernmental Panel on Clima ...
... these greenhouse gases can alter the balance of energy transfers between the atmosphere, space, land, and the oceans. The major greenhouse gases which make the largest contribution to global warming are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The Intergovernmental Panel on Clima ...
CHAPTER 13
... This Assessment of climate change is based on climate scenarios derived from climate models developed at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis and the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom. While the physical principles driving these models are similar, they differ in how they represe ...
... This Assessment of climate change is based on climate scenarios derived from climate models developed at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis and the Hadley Centre in the United Kingdom. While the physical principles driving these models are similar, they differ in how they represe ...
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
... larger. But Ammann et al. [2003] ranks Santa Marıa, the strongest of the three. These stratospheric sulfate aerosols spread globally over the course of months increasing planetary albedo and reducing downwelling shortwave radiation. The characteristic lifetime of stratospheric aerosols is on the or ...
... larger. But Ammann et al. [2003] ranks Santa Marıa, the strongest of the three. These stratospheric sulfate aerosols spread globally over the course of months increasing planetary albedo and reducing downwelling shortwave radiation. The characteristic lifetime of stratospheric aerosols is on the or ...
Integrating Climate Change into Invasive Species Risk Assessment
... discussion presents a very general overview of this complicated subject.3 Historical Climate Change There is general consensus that the unequivocal warming of global temperatures over the last century likely results from human activities. From 1906 to 2005, the global temperature increased by 0.74oC ...
... discussion presents a very general overview of this complicated subject.3 Historical Climate Change There is general consensus that the unequivocal warming of global temperatures over the last century likely results from human activities. From 1906 to 2005, the global temperature increased by 0.74oC ...
Restoration of peatlands and greenhouse gas balances
... mentioned restoration techniques have an impact on the emission of greenhouse gases. Firstly, they affect the productivity of the peat forming plants and, thus, the process of peat accumulation which represents a continuing sink for carbon dioxide (CO2). Secondly, rewetting inhibits methane (CH4) ox ...
... mentioned restoration techniques have an impact on the emission of greenhouse gases. Firstly, they affect the productivity of the peat forming plants and, thus, the process of peat accumulation which represents a continuing sink for carbon dioxide (CO2). Secondly, rewetting inhibits methane (CH4) ox ...
Proceedings Report - Government of New Brunswick
... In adopting a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Atlantic Canada, the Council of Atlantic Environment Ministers recognizes the significance of climate change and the need to support and encourage adaptive measures particularly with respect to coastal areas and inland water impacts in the Atlanti ...
... In adopting a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Atlantic Canada, the Council of Atlantic Environment Ministers recognizes the significance of climate change and the need to support and encourage adaptive measures particularly with respect to coastal areas and inland water impacts in the Atlanti ...
Adapting to drought in the Sahel: Lessons for
... 100 km.b There was an increased frequency of drought events, within a heightened variability trend, both between years and within seasons. Growing seasons were significantly shortened by late starts and early finishes. The magnitude of these changes was as great as any predicted in global climate ch ...
... 100 km.b There was an increased frequency of drought events, within a heightened variability trend, both between years and within seasons. Growing seasons were significantly shortened by late starts and early finishes. The magnitude of these changes was as great as any predicted in global climate ch ...
Individual-scale inference to anticipate climate
... relevant for twenty-first century climate-change predictions. They span southeastern Piedmont to northern hardwoods in spatial variation and possess the low correlation needed for effective inference. Temperature variation spans the 2–58C change predicted for twenty-first century climate change, bot ...
... relevant for twenty-first century climate-change predictions. They span southeastern Piedmont to northern hardwoods in spatial variation and possess the low correlation needed for effective inference. Temperature variation spans the 2–58C change predicted for twenty-first century climate change, bot ...
Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC)
... With respect to Bangladesh’s contribution to global efforts to counter climate change, this INDC sets out a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country’s GHG emissions. These mitigation actions will play a key role in realising the move to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy an ...
... With respect to Bangladesh’s contribution to global efforts to counter climate change, this INDC sets out a number of mitigation actions that will help limit the country’s GHG emissions. These mitigation actions will play a key role in realising the move to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy an ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""