Impact of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on Ocean
... find a small negative correlation between H and q. We suggest that this is due to methodological differences. In particular, Geoffroy et al. [2013b] include the ocean mixed layer, the atmosphere, and the land domain in the upper layer of the EBM, while here we have focused on the ocean domain. We al ...
... find a small negative correlation between H and q. We suggest that this is due to methodological differences. In particular, Geoffroy et al. [2013b] include the ocean mixed layer, the atmosphere, and the land domain in the upper layer of the EBM, while here we have focused on the ocean domain. We al ...
Handbook on the OECD-DAC Climate Markers
... Therefore, in certain cases, the same activity can obtain more than one principal or significant objective score (i.e. score “2” for biodiversity and score “2” for climate change mitigation; or “2” for biodiversity and “1” for climate change mitigation). What is the distinction between the value “0” ...
... Therefore, in certain cases, the same activity can obtain more than one principal or significant objective score (i.e. score “2” for biodiversity and score “2” for climate change mitigation; or “2” for biodiversity and “1” for climate change mitigation). What is the distinction between the value “0” ...
document
... the draft protocol, or a similar fund to facilitate the transfer of financial, technological, and information resources from developed nations to developing nations, including Jamaica. Article 12 of the Kyoto centered on the “clean development mechanism,”31 an instrument that originated in Brazil’s ...
... the draft protocol, or a similar fund to facilitate the transfer of financial, technological, and information resources from developed nations to developing nations, including Jamaica. Article 12 of the Kyoto centered on the “clean development mechanism,”31 an instrument that originated in Brazil’s ...
Mapping institutional fragmentation in the climate governance
... A defining feature of global governance architectures is the proliferation of number and type of actors active in different issue areas. While states remain the locus of attention for most scholars, an emerging trend is to look at non-state actors such as NGOs, companies, cities, and international o ...
... A defining feature of global governance architectures is the proliferation of number and type of actors active in different issue areas. While states remain the locus of attention for most scholars, an emerging trend is to look at non-state actors such as NGOs, companies, cities, and international o ...
US-China Relations Core – Wave 2 – HSS
... suffer as much from extreme weather and rising sea levels as poor countries (although the former is responsible for putting most of the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere the last 200 years). Despite being in the same boat, they do not share the same sense of urgency. The Chinese have made significa ...
... suffer as much from extreme weather and rising sea levels as poor countries (although the former is responsible for putting most of the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere the last 200 years). Despite being in the same boat, they do not share the same sense of urgency. The Chinese have made significa ...
European Journal of Legal Studies
... 3 Article 1.5 of the UNFCCC defines greenhouse gases as ―those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.‖ So greenhouse gas is any gas that absorbs infra-red radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, c ...
... 3 Article 1.5 of the UNFCCC defines greenhouse gases as ―those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.‖ So greenhouse gas is any gas that absorbs infra-red radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, c ...
Climate Smart Agriculture
... population. Being energy and input intensive, high yielding farming increases the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per hectare. However, deforestation and draining of wetlands is today the single largest source of GHG emissions related to agricultural production. The alternative of growing food by ...
... population. Being energy and input intensive, high yielding farming increases the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per hectare. However, deforestation and draining of wetlands is today the single largest source of GHG emissions related to agricultural production. The alternative of growing food by ...
Impacts of climate change on stratospheric ozone
... in polar temperatures, to modify polar O3 depletion, but increases in GHGs do not have a significant impact on polar temperatures or O3 in the GEOS CCM simulations. [15] There are also differences in the evolution of total column O3 between latitude regions. In all regions column O3 in the climate + ...
... in polar temperatures, to modify polar O3 depletion, but increases in GHGs do not have a significant impact on polar temperatures or O3 in the GEOS CCM simulations. [15] There are also differences in the evolution of total column O3 between latitude regions. In all regions column O3 in the climate + ...
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DEPARTEMENT D`ECONOMIE
... (Bencivenga [6]), pension systems (Razin and Sadka [37]) or human capital formation (Vidal [41]) and growth (Beine et al. 2001). ...
... (Bencivenga [6]), pension systems (Razin and Sadka [37]) or human capital formation (Vidal [41]) and growth (Beine et al. 2001). ...
Environmental refugees: The impact of climate change on emigration
... Migration pertains to people leaving their home (“origin”) to live elsewhere. In general, scholars have focused on push factors to explain this phenomenon. Among the socio-political factors (i.e., unemployment, war, or human rights violations), the literature increasingly acknowledges the importance ...
... Migration pertains to people leaving their home (“origin”) to live elsewhere. In general, scholars have focused on push factors to explain this phenomenon. Among the socio-political factors (i.e., unemployment, war, or human rights violations), the literature increasingly acknowledges the importance ...
5. Hydrology - Skagit County
... Each of the three types of watersheds responds in a different way to climate change. For instance, warmer climate may cause freezing levels to rise as illustrated in Figure 5.10. In rain dominant basins, such changes are not very significant, since the dominant portion of the basin experiences condi ...
... Each of the three types of watersheds responds in a different way to climate change. For instance, warmer climate may cause freezing levels to rise as illustrated in Figure 5.10. In rain dominant basins, such changes are not very significant, since the dominant portion of the basin experiences condi ...
Static mass-balance sensitivity of Arctic glaciers and ice caps using
... approximately two-thirds of all small glaciers on Earth are located. A simple mass-balance model was applied to 42 glaciers and ice caps north of 608 N to estimate mass-balance sensitivities to a hypothetical climate perturbation. The model is based on daily temperature and precipitation data from c ...
... approximately two-thirds of all small glaciers on Earth are located. A simple mass-balance model was applied to 42 glaciers and ice caps north of 608 N to estimate mass-balance sensitivities to a hypothetical climate perturbation. The model is based on daily temperature and precipitation data from c ...
extent on satellite images of antarctica
... component analysis can be applied to detect temporal changes in blue ice extent. We have also shown that (I) thi ~ technique can be applied to images from different satellites such as Landsat and SPOT, (2) significant results can be obtained by using band ratios to enhance surface properties , and ( ...
... component analysis can be applied to detect temporal changes in blue ice extent. We have also shown that (I) thi ~ technique can be applied to images from different satellites such as Landsat and SPOT, (2) significant results can be obtained by using band ratios to enhance surface properties , and ( ...
Motivated Recall in the Service of the Economic System
... change belief (Scruggs & Benegal, 2012). The economic context seemed to be an even stronger predictor of change in climate skepticism than other salient explanatory variables, such as skeptical media coverage (Krosnick, Holbrook, Lowe, & Visser, 2006) and conservative countermobilization (McCright & ...
... change belief (Scruggs & Benegal, 2012). The economic context seemed to be an even stronger predictor of change in climate skepticism than other salient explanatory variables, such as skeptical media coverage (Krosnick, Holbrook, Lowe, & Visser, 2006) and conservative countermobilization (McCright & ...
the bali action plan: key issues in the climate negotiations
... for developing countries” by Harald Winkler, Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town Mitigation – the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) – has been at the heart of the climate negotiations from the outset. As the next round of negotiations focuses on what developing countries ...
... for developing countries” by Harald Winkler, Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town Mitigation – the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) – has been at the heart of the climate negotiations from the outset. As the next round of negotiations focuses on what developing countries ...
Potential effects of climate change and adaptive
... have been already documented in several systems. Lake Simcoe and the wetlands and streams within the Lake Simcoe Watershed are also being affected by climate change. The objectives of this study were to (1) use ecological indicators to assess the potential effects of climate change and (2) apply tho ...
... have been already documented in several systems. Lake Simcoe and the wetlands and streams within the Lake Simcoe Watershed are also being affected by climate change. The objectives of this study were to (1) use ecological indicators to assess the potential effects of climate change and (2) apply tho ...
PDF
... costs are not to be considered in isolation: their magnitude depends also on the policies implemented abroad, be they the result of international agreements or not. This extension of the reasoning ...
... costs are not to be considered in isolation: their magnitude depends also on the policies implemented abroad, be they the result of international agreements or not. This extension of the reasoning ...
Australia`s future emissions reduction targets
... Emissions—Targets and Progress Review, which was provided to the Minister (and released publicly) on 27 February 2014. That report, which reflected extensive public consultation, presented the Authority’s comprehensive assessment of the evidence coming from climate scientists, the efforts being made ...
... Emissions—Targets and Progress Review, which was provided to the Minister (and released publicly) on 27 February 2014. That report, which reflected extensive public consultation, presented the Authority’s comprehensive assessment of the evidence coming from climate scientists, the efforts being made ...
Tipping elements and climate-economic shocks
... decrease global mean temperature [Bickel and Agrawal, 2012; Moreno-Cruz and Keith, 2012; Keith, 2013; Irvine et al., 2014; Heutel et al., 2015]. Some researchers suggest that SRM might in certain contexts reduce committed changes or slow their realization in a tipping element such as an ice sheet [I ...
... decrease global mean temperature [Bickel and Agrawal, 2012; Moreno-Cruz and Keith, 2012; Keith, 2013; Irvine et al., 2014; Heutel et al., 2015]. Some researchers suggest that SRM might in certain contexts reduce committed changes or slow their realization in a tipping element such as an ice sheet [I ...
executive_summary
... Skagit basin in the 21st century. Based on currently available climate change scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report downscaled to the PNW, average temperatures for the PNW by the 2080s for the B1 and A1B emissions scenario are projected to be 4. ...
... Skagit basin in the 21st century. Based on currently available climate change scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report downscaled to the PNW, average temperatures for the PNW by the 2080s for the B1 and A1B emissions scenario are projected to be 4. ...
National Roadmap for Responding to Climate Change USDA Forest Service
... health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. Americans rely on their forests and grasslands for a wide range of benefits—for provisioning services such as water, wood, and wild foods; for regulating services such as e ...
... health, diversity, and productivity of the Nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. Americans rely on their forests and grasslands for a wide range of benefits—for provisioning services such as water, wood, and wild foods; for regulating services such as e ...
On picking winners - the basic PDF update here.
... to harness innovation through policies that encourage investment in renewable energy. Renewable energy policy needs to be dynamic, because the technologies are new and improving. Costs are not fixed; over time with the right policies they can be reduced. This requires effort on a number of fronts in ...
... to harness innovation through policies that encourage investment in renewable energy. Renewable energy policy needs to be dynamic, because the technologies are new and improving. Costs are not fixed; over time with the right policies they can be reduced. This requires effort on a number of fronts in ...
Modeling hydrological consequences of climate and land use change
... well-known procedure to simultaneously select random values of the parameter space. The main difference between the Monte Carlo and the Latin Hypercube sampling methods is that the latter uses a stratified sampling approach that allows a more efficient estimation of the output statistics. In the LH ...
... well-known procedure to simultaneously select random values of the parameter space. The main difference between the Monte Carlo and the Latin Hypercube sampling methods is that the latter uses a stratified sampling approach that allows a more efficient estimation of the output statistics. In the LH ...
this paper
... measurements in the North Pacific Ocean [26] and [27]. These methods have a number of attractive properties [27] and [28]. They are inherently spatially averaging, suppressing the effects of mesoscale variability and directly providing measures of depth-integrated temperature that extend into the de ...
... measurements in the North Pacific Ocean [26] and [27]. These methods have a number of attractive properties [27] and [28]. They are inherently spatially averaging, suppressing the effects of mesoscale variability and directly providing measures of depth-integrated temperature that extend into the de ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""