Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change
... Scientists, policy-makers, and the general public are increasingly aware that global patterns of environmental degradation are putting people at risk (Kasperson and Kasperson, 2001). These threats are global in both systemic (e.g., climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions) and cumulative terms ...
... Scientists, policy-makers, and the general public are increasingly aware that global patterns of environmental degradation are putting people at risk (Kasperson and Kasperson, 2001). These threats are global in both systemic (e.g., climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions) and cumulative terms ...
A SUCCESSOR FOR THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
... have released more than acceptable levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Furthermore, through agricultural activities, changes in land use and other resources, methane and nitrous oxide are also being released at greater than acceptable levels. Because of GHGs’ ability to trap heat, their in ...
... have released more than acceptable levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Furthermore, through agricultural activities, changes in land use and other resources, methane and nitrous oxide are also being released at greater than acceptable levels. Because of GHGs’ ability to trap heat, their in ...
Climate change integrated assessment methodology for cross
... tool (Integrated Assessment Platform; IAP) that will allow stakeholders to assess climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for a range of sectors – IAP is based on an ensemble of meta-models, which are run with the user-selected climatic data representing present and future climates – When creatin ...
... tool (Integrated Assessment Platform; IAP) that will allow stakeholders to assess climate change impacts and vulnerabilities for a range of sectors – IAP is based on an ensemble of meta-models, which are run with the user-selected climatic data representing present and future climates – When creatin ...
National Park Service
... scenarios focused on the impacts to vegetation, fish, wildlife, and subsistence species engendered by radical shifts in seasonal stream flow and associated hydrology. General findings included the need for increased traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in planning; increased co-management, cooper ...
... scenarios focused on the impacts to vegetation, fish, wildlife, and subsistence species engendered by radical shifts in seasonal stream flow and associated hydrology. General findings included the need for increased traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in planning; increased co-management, cooper ...
Human Factors Explain the Increased Losses from Weather and
... storms had occurred in the preceding 40 years (Changnon 1999b). However, FIG. 1. Annual losses (in 1997 dollars) to insured property in the United States the weather events causing losses from weather extremes during 1949–97 (Changnon et al. 1997). > $1 billion have not been increasing in frequency ...
... storms had occurred in the preceding 40 years (Changnon 1999b). However, FIG. 1. Annual losses (in 1997 dollars) to insured property in the United States the weather events causing losses from weather extremes during 1949–97 (Changnon et al. 1997). > $1 billion have not been increasing in frequency ...
Chapter 3 - World Bank
... fisheries, and urban consumption) and for healthy ecosystems (such as forests, wetlands, and oceans). Countries also need to get more from their agriculture. The rate of increase in yields for key agricultural commodities has been declining since the 1960s. Countries will have to reverse that trend ...
... fisheries, and urban consumption) and for healthy ecosystems (such as forests, wetlands, and oceans). Countries also need to get more from their agriculture. The rate of increase in yields for key agricultural commodities has been declining since the 1960s. Countries will have to reverse that trend ...
Reducing the Future to Climate: a Story of Climate Determinism and
... rationalists alike. However, the ideological wars of the mid-twentieth century re-shaped the political and moral worlds which had nourished such thinking and determinism became discredited and marginalised within mainstream academic geography. ...
... rationalists alike. However, the ideological wars of the mid-twentieth century re-shaped the political and moral worlds which had nourished such thinking and determinism became discredited and marginalised within mainstream academic geography. ...
Egypt - Met Office
... data on extreme events. • An assessment of the extent to which increases in greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere have altered the probability of particular seasonal temperatures compared to pre-industrial times, using a technique called ‘fraction of attributable risk.’ • A prediction of f ...
... data on extreme events. • An assessment of the extent to which increases in greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere have altered the probability of particular seasonal temperatures compared to pre-industrial times, using a technique called ‘fraction of attributable risk.’ • A prediction of f ...
Hosed vs. unhosed: interruptions of the Atlantic Meridional
... to the North Atlantic: if some, or all, abrupt climate change was not driven by freshwater input, could its character have been very different than the typical hosed experiments? Here, we describe spontaneous, unhosed oscillations in AMOC strength that occur in a global coupled ocean–atmosphere mode ...
... to the North Atlantic: if some, or all, abrupt climate change was not driven by freshwater input, could its character have been very different than the typical hosed experiments? Here, we describe spontaneous, unhosed oscillations in AMOC strength that occur in a global coupled ocean–atmosphere mode ...
Document
... ETS developments in other countries • NZ and Australia part of a leading group of countries developing ETSs: ...
... ETS developments in other countries • NZ and Australia part of a leading group of countries developing ETSs: ...
Direct natural resource and biodiversity from deserts
... Negative effects on biological systems Fungal infectious disease of Caribbean corals Negative effects on climate system Increased albedo due to dust cover Knowledge gaps regarding dust storms (material from Orlovsky) How often they occur? How far from deserts dust storms go? How much of t ...
... Negative effects on biological systems Fungal infectious disease of Caribbean corals Negative effects on climate system Increased albedo due to dust cover Knowledge gaps regarding dust storms (material from Orlovsky) How often they occur? How far from deserts dust storms go? How much of t ...
- American Meteorological Society
... Adam et al. 2009; Hidalgo et al. 2009; Stewart 2009; Rasmussen et al. 2011). These climate change impacts can be considered predictable, at least to some extent, because of growing confidence that temperatures will increase throughout much of the globe in the coming decades (e.g., Meehl et al. 2007) ...
... Adam et al. 2009; Hidalgo et al. 2009; Stewart 2009; Rasmussen et al. 2011). These climate change impacts can be considered predictable, at least to some extent, because of growing confidence that temperatures will increase throughout much of the globe in the coming decades (e.g., Meehl et al. 2007) ...
The Rules of the Game
... These reports have already drawn together the majority of the evidence base on behaviour change and the communication of sustainable development issues. Rather than duplicate the effort and insight of these experts, we have stood upon their shoulders to create this applicable set of principles for ...
... These reports have already drawn together the majority of the evidence base on behaviour change and the communication of sustainable development issues. Rather than duplicate the effort and insight of these experts, we have stood upon their shoulders to create this applicable set of principles for ...
The role of meteorological processes in the
... Practitioners want to have confidence in the climate projections they use, and credibility in climate model-based information is garnered through effective communication of its scientific uncertainty (Stainforth et al. 2007). Greater confidence may ultimately lead to the decision not to use a partic ...
... Practitioners want to have confidence in the climate projections they use, and credibility in climate model-based information is garnered through effective communication of its scientific uncertainty (Stainforth et al. 2007). Greater confidence may ultimately lead to the decision not to use a partic ...
Non-Marginal Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Tyranny of
... costs at the expense of future consumption levels, which could be avoided by implementing a mitigation project today. I will assume decreasing returns to capital. This assumption is crucial: constant returns to capital would not support the conclusions of the paper. In section 3, I apply the Kaldor- ...
... costs at the expense of future consumption levels, which could be avoided by implementing a mitigation project today. I will assume decreasing returns to capital. This assumption is crucial: constant returns to capital would not support the conclusions of the paper. In section 3, I apply the Kaldor- ...
field investigations of permafrost and climatic
... MAAT changes little with distance from the coast. Nevertheless, the summer gradient controls the development of vegetation communities, which, in turn, impact snow accumulation and, hence, near-surface ground temperature and active-layer development (Clebsch and Shanks, 1968; Mackay, 1974; Romanovsk ...
... MAAT changes little with distance from the coast. Nevertheless, the summer gradient controls the development of vegetation communities, which, in turn, impact snow accumulation and, hence, near-surface ground temperature and active-layer development (Clebsch and Shanks, 1968; Mackay, 1974; Romanovsk ...
Climate Change and Hunger - Responding to the Challenge
... We believe that unless climate change is mitigated by substantial reductions of greenhouse gases it will greatly increase hunger, especially in the poorest parts of the world. ...
... We believe that unless climate change is mitigated by substantial reductions of greenhouse gases it will greatly increase hunger, especially in the poorest parts of the world. ...
Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region
... The authors thank the steering committee of this project, and especially Louis Pitelka, for conceptual guidance and review of the report. Mary Barber, past her call of duty at ESA, and Peter Frumhoff from UCS provided leadership from the two sponsoring organizations. In addition, we appreciate the m ...
... The authors thank the steering committee of this project, and especially Louis Pitelka, for conceptual guidance and review of the report. Mary Barber, past her call of duty at ESA, and Peter Frumhoff from UCS provided leadership from the two sponsoring organizations. In addition, we appreciate the m ...
36 - Ecology and Society
... were constructed, going from climate drivers to societal consequences and possible adaptation strategies, based on expert workshops and literature surveys. At the first workshop, we had experts on climate change effects on ecosystem services, societal consequences, as well as societal adaptation str ...
... were constructed, going from climate drivers to societal consequences and possible adaptation strategies, based on expert workshops and literature surveys. At the first workshop, we had experts on climate change effects on ecosystem services, societal consequences, as well as societal adaptation str ...
Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic
... well as the health of insurers’ investments. Managing and transferring risks are the first responses of the insurance industry — and rising insurance premiums and exclusions are already making front-page news. Many corporations are changing practices and some are seizing business opportunities for p ...
... well as the health of insurers’ investments. Managing and transferring risks are the first responses of the insurance industry — and rising insurance premiums and exclusions are already making front-page news. Many corporations are changing practices and some are seizing business opportunities for p ...
Future changes in the supply of goods and services - Munin
... were constructed, going from climate drivers to societal consequences and possible adaptation strategies, based on expert workshops and literature surveys. At the first workshop, we had experts on climate change effects on ecosystem services, societal consequences, as well as societal adaptation str ...
... were constructed, going from climate drivers to societal consequences and possible adaptation strategies, based on expert workshops and literature surveys. At the first workshop, we had experts on climate change effects on ecosystem services, societal consequences, as well as societal adaptation str ...
Modeling climate change impacts on phenology and population
... We focus our framework on the response of MMS to climate change. Indeed, species migration is a classic response to predictable seasonal or annual changes in the environment. It is implicitly tied to reproduction and is often driven by physiological and behavioral mechanisms (Ramenofsky and Wingfield ...
... We focus our framework on the response of MMS to climate change. Indeed, species migration is a classic response to predictable seasonal or annual changes in the environment. It is implicitly tied to reproduction and is often driven by physiological and behavioral mechanisms (Ramenofsky and Wingfield ...
Incorporating Climate Change Adaptation into Catchment
... its essential basic structures and functions” (IPCC, 2012, p. 3). Across many different disciplines, building resilience into both human and ecological systems is thought to ...
... its essential basic structures and functions” (IPCC, 2012, p. 3). Across many different disciplines, building resilience into both human and ecological systems is thought to ...
View/Open
... We believe that unless climate change is mitigated by substantial reductions of greenhouse gases it will greatly increase hunger, especially in the poorest parts of the world. ...
... We believe that unless climate change is mitigated by substantial reductions of greenhouse gases it will greatly increase hunger, especially in the poorest parts of the world. ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""